Systematic Breakfast Consumption of Medium-Quantity and High-Quality Food Choices Is Associated with Better Vascular Health in Individuals with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Abstract

Background: Breakfast consumption has been associated with the improvement of many cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, yet data regarding its association with subclinical vascular damage, which precedes the onset of CVD, are scarce. The aim of this study is to investigate this association in a large sample of adults with CVD risk factors. Methods: Anthropometric measurements, vascular biomarkers and dietary intake with two 24-h dietary recalls, focusing on breakfast frequency and its quantity and content, were assessed in 902 adults (45.2% males). Breakfast quality was assessed by identifying a posteriori breakfast dietary pattern (DP) by using principal component analysis (PCA). Results: Systematic breakfast consumption (SBC) was inversely associated with central systolic blood pressure (b: −3.28, 95% C.I.: −5.7 to −0.86), diastolic blood pressure (b: −1.85, 95% C.I.: −3.34 to −0.36), augmentation index (b: −3.17, 95% C.I.:−4.98 to 1.35) and left carotid intima media thickness (b: −0.03, 95% C.I.:−0.06 to −0.01) compared to breakfast skipping independently of age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, and BMI. SBC of 10–20% of daily total energy intake (dTEI) was inversely associated with Aix (b: −2.31, 95% C.I.:−4.05 to −0.57) compared to <10% dTEI after adjustment for the aforementioned confounders. DP1 (high coffee and sugar consumption, low consumption of low- and full-fat dairy products, fruits, and fresh juices) was positively associated with Aix (b: 1.19, 95% C.I.: 0.48 to 1.90). Conclusion: SBC comprised of medium-energy density and high-nutrient content food items may be a simple daily habit associated with better vascular health.

Quality and Pattern of Breakfast Through the GEMPITA PROGRAM at Palu City, Central Sulawesi

“…A good breakfast provides important nutrients from macronutrients for children's growth and development, including fiber, potassium, calcium, vitamins C and D, folate, iron, zinc and magnesium which contribute an average of around 474 kcal of energy 39,47 . Moreover, a good breakfast was able to control blood glucose levels, fulfill daily intake earlier, prevent overweight and obesity and reduce the risk of other metabolic diseases 41,44,[48][49][50] . A good breakfast pattern includes various aspects to ensure children get adequate nutrition, the energy they need, and have healthy eating habits [40][41][42] .…”

Breakfast quality and its sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates among Italian children, adolescents, and adults from the Italian Nutrition & HEalth Survey (INHES) study

“…The Breakfast Quality Index (BQI) is a tool for assessing the nutritional quality of breakfast in epidemiological studies [ 16 ], based on the food groups and nutrients intake with the rationale of O’Neil, 2014 [ 15 ] and the scoring system proposed by Monteagudo, 2013 [ 14 ]. In adults, an overall good breakfast quality has been associated with a healthier cardiometabolic profile independent of overall diet quality [ 17 , 18 ] and with the achievement of daily nutrient requirements [ 9 , 16 ]. Observational studies of breakfast consumption in association with mental health are also emerging [ 10 – 12 ].…”

Whey Improves In Vitro Endothelial Mitochondrial Function and Metabolic Redox Status in Diabetic State

“…Although the remarkable contribution of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of T2DM is well established, the constant incidence increase in diabetic patients targets focal attention on environmental determinants like modifiable risk factors, such as obesity, physical inactivity, and dietary habits. Epidemiological studies reported that adequate dairy intake may lower the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, underlining that acting on modifiable risk factors for T2DM development could be effective in the prevention of disease [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. To this aim, the search for nutrients and food-derived compounds able to modulate age-related epigenetic mechanisms promoting beneficial/preventive effects still represents an open field.…”