Systematic Investigation of a Surfactant Type Nano Gemini Ionic Liquid and Simultaneous Abnormal Salt Effects on Crude Oil/Water Interfacial Tension

Abstract

Gemini ionic liquids (ILs) are usually known to have significant surfactant behavior. Nanomaterials, on the other hand, are capable of improving interface properties. The current study explores the use of a novel nano gemini imidazolium IL with a molecular structure of a four methylene group spacer for reducing crude oil/water interfacial tension (IFT). The gemini IL was prepared purely by a two-step synthesis method and characterized in different ways. Results revealed that IFT was drastically decreased to 97.8% in the presence of the IL and more decrease was achieved with temperature and pH variations. The high performance of the IL can be attributed to the strong IL amphiphilic nature. The salt effects in the presence of the IL were evaluated with NaCl, MgCl2, and their mixture. Results revealed more IFT reduction under salinity conditions because of a remarkable found synergism effect, unlike conventional surfactants. The findings encourage the use of seawater IL solutions in chemical enhanced oil recovery. The obtained salt-free IFT data were precisely reproduced with the well-known Frumkin adsorption isotherm, and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters were obtained at different temperatures. From thermodynamic results, a spontaneous IL adsorption was deduced.

Upgrading the Properties of the Crude Oil–Water System for EOR with Simultaneous Effects of a Homologous Series of NanoGemini Surface-Active Ionic Liquids, Electrolytes, and pH

“…The method for IFT measurement was based on creating oil drops at the nozzle tip, which was installed in the aqueous continuous phase. Perfect description of the instrument has been given in previous studies. , Establishing a desired temperature (298.2 K) was performed by means of a temperature sensor (PT 100) connected to a fine tunable heater.…”

“…Perfect description of the instrument has been given in previous studies. 17 , 19 Establishing a desired temperature (298.2 K) was performed by means of a temperature sensor (PT 100) connected to a fine tunable heater.…”

“…These phenomena are inevitably envisaged in EOR due to different crude oil types and water sources. Accordingly, in the continuation of our previous studies, − here, a homologous series of imidazolium-based GSAILs with the same alkyl chain, head groups, and counterions but different spacer lengths, such as­{[C 4 im-C m -imC 4 ]­[Br 2 ] m = 2, 4, and 6} (Figure ), was utilized. For each of the GSAILs, the crude oil–water IFT and CMC variation as well as the emulsification capability and contact angle are studied in the presence of NaCl and MgCl 2 electrolytes as well as their mixture.…”

Spectroscopic and Conductometric Analyses of Ninhydrin and Threonine Reaction in Double-Headed Geminis

“…Applications of gemini used in diverse areas are dependent on the nature of alkyl head group, counterions, hydrocarbon chain, and structure of attached group as well as spacer group. In this regard, several molecular structures of gemini surfactants by altering different alkyl chains, hydrocarbon chains, and nature of spacers with sizes have been developed. , Considering the arenas of surface and interfacial science, physicochemical investigations on gemini surfactants as well as their micellar aggregated system that they create have been performed and reported by several potential investigators using different techniques. − Despite a lot of studies available on the surface activities of gemini surfactants and their micellar system, their activities on rates are very limited and need to improve more in an advanced way.…”

Study of Reaction Rate between Zinc(II)–Histidine [Zn(II)–his]+ Complex and Ninhydrin: Effect of Three Dicationic Gemini (Alkanediyl-α,ω-Type) Surfactants

“…Because of their extraordinary properties, gemini surfactants have tremendous potential uses in several arenas, such as household items, cleaning purposes, detergents, dispersion, emulsifiers, cosmetic products, etc. − Also, they are utilized in biomedical, industrial, and pharmaceutical fields, for example, potential drug delivery, medicine, gene therapy, corrosion, tertiary oil recovery, synthesis of nano materials, and so on. − …”