Systematic literature study of trachea and bronchus morphology in children and adults

Coskun, Zafer Kutay; Atalar, Kerem; Akar, B

doi:10.5603/fm.a2022.0073

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This is particularly challenging during the intraoperative period owing to the lack of routine radiographic confirmation. Variations in the tracheal length have been reported in multiple studies with different racial populations 1 , including Indian 2 – 4 , Asian 5 – 8 , and Caucasian 9 . The length of vocal cord-to-carina (VC-Carina) in males were larger than females, and also correlated with height 5 – 7 ; however, the current practice of ETT selection takes only sex and airway diameter into account.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Characteristics of lower airway parameters in an adult Asian population related to endotracheal tube design: a cadaveric study

Turbpaiboon,

Kasemassawachanont,

Wankijcharoen

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The risk of endotracheal tube (ETT) placement includes endobronchial intubation and subglottic injury. This study aimed to describe the lengths of lower airway parameters related to cuff location and vocal cord markings in different adult-sized ETTs. Eighty cadavers were examined for the lengths of the lower airway, including their correlations and linear regressions with height. Thirty adult-sized ETTs from seven different brands were examined for Mark-Cuff and Mark-Tip distances. The depth of ETT placement was simulated for each brand using vocal cord marking. The mean (standard deviation) lengths from the subglottis, trachea, vocal cord to mid- trachea, and vocal cord to carina were 24.2 (3.5), 97.9 (8.6), 73.2 (5.3), and 122.1 (9.0) mm, respectively. Airway lengths were estimated as: (1) subglottis (mm) = 0.173 * (height in cm) − 3.547; (2) vocal cord to mid-trachea (mm) = 0.28 * (height in cm) + 28.391. There were variations in the Mark-Cuff and Mark-Tip distances among different ETTs. In the simulation, endobronchial intubation ranged between 2.5 and 5% and the cuff in the subglottis ranged between 2.5 and 97.5%. In summary, the lower airway parameters were height-related. ETT placement using vocal cord marking puts the patient at a high risk of cuff placement in the subglottis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Characteristics of lower airway parameters in an adult Asian population related to endotracheal tube design: a cadaveric study

Turbpaiboon,

Kasemassawachanont,

Wankijcharoen

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…However, our study did not independently measure RA and LA, which may limit a comprehensive analysis of sex differences. Additionally, we considered the factor of weight, which was not accounted for in previous research [ 19 ], and found a positive correlation between SCA and weight ( Figure 7C ). Despite this correlation, multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that weight does not significantly predict changes in SCA ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Analysis of airway structural parameters in Han Chinese adults: a prospective cross-sectional study

Liu,

Teng,

Mei

et al. 2024

Annals of Medicine

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Introduction Establishing reference ranges for central airway parameters and exploring their influencing factors in Han Chinese non-smoking adults. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on Han Chinese non-smoking adults who underwent chest CT scans at the Tongzhou Campus of Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated with the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine between September 2022 and November 2022. The SYNAPSE 3D image analysis software was utilized, enabling the extraction of critical parameters such as central airway length, airway wall thickness (AWT), airway lumen area (ALA), and subcarinal angle (SCA). Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis and multiple linear regression analysis methods were employed to evaluate the relationship between central airway parameters and age, sex, weight, and height. Results The study encompassed 888 Han Chinese non-smoking adults, comprising 456 females and 432 males. Significant sex differences were noted in central airway length, AWT, and ALA, with measurements in males exceeding those in females ( p < 0.01) with no significant difference in SCA. Correlation analyses unveiled relationships between central airway parameters and age, sex, weight, and height. During multiple linear regression analyses, no conclusive evidence emerged to demonstrate the independent or combined explanatory or predictive capacity of the aforementioned variables for central airway length and SCA. Although sex has a significant impact on AWT and ALA, its capability in explanation or prediction remains limited. The conclusions drawn from the primary analysis receive reinforcement from the outcomes of sensitivity analyses. Conclusion Establishing the distribution range of central airway parameters in non-smoking Han Chinese adults. It observed significant sex differences in these parameters, except for the SCA. However, the study found that the predictive or explanatory power of age, sex, weight, and height for central airway parameters was either limited or non-significant.

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“…Comparative studies in mammals have demonstrated that the sternocleidomastoid muscle frequently separated into five parts which are arranged in two layers: a superficial sternomastoid, sternooccipital and cleidooccipital part; and a deep layer consisting of a deep sternomastoid and cleidomastoid part. In humans, the presence of multiple layers such as sternocleidooccipital, cleidomastoid and sterno- [5] mastoid, a supernumerary cleido-occipital muscle, more or less separate from the sternocleidomastoid [6] muscle have been reported. In many animals, the cleidomastoid belly is distinctly separate from the sternomastoid belly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Variant of Sternocleidomastoid Muscle a Case Report

simrat,

kaur,

Kalyan

et al. 2024

GMCP

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Systematic literature study of trachea and bronchus morphology in children and adults

Abstract: This article has been peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance.It is an open access article, which means that it can be downloaded, printed, and distributed freely, provided the work is properly cited. Articles in "Folia Morphologica" are listed in PubMed.

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

Characteristics of lower airway parameters in an adult Asian population related to endotracheal tube design: a cadaveric study

Characteristics of lower airway parameters in an adult Asian population related to endotracheal tube design: a cadaveric study

Analysis of airway structural parameters in Han Chinese adults: a prospective cross-sectional study

Morphological Variant of Sternocleidomastoid Muscle a Case Report

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