Systematic Research In Experimental Phonetics:
            <sup>*</sup>
            1. A Theory Of The Speech Mechanism As A Servosystem

Fairbanks, Grant

doi:10.1044/jshd.1902.133

Cited by 211 publications

(77 citation statements)

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“…Early accounts of DAF disruption suggested that altered feedback disrupts planning because it registers as an error (e.g., R. A. Chase, 1965;Fairbanks, 1954;Fairbanks & Guttman, 1958;Lee, 1950; but see Howell et al, 1983). For the purposes of the present study, the plan underlying production is considered to be a hierarchical representation in which the timescales relating to timing versus sequencing are separated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Auditory feedback in music performance: Evidence for a dissociation of sequencing and timing.

Pfordresher¹

2003

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

115

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Four experiments examined temporal relationships between actions and auditory feedback in music performance. Experiment 1 incorporated phase shifts of feedback, which disrupted produced timing but not overall accuracy. Experiment 2 incorporated period shifts of pitch contents for synchronized feedback that primarily disrupted accuracy more than timing. Experiment 3 incorporated combined phase and period shifts, which caused moderate disruption to timing and accuracy and revealed interactive effects of period and phase shifts on production. A 4th experiment included all feedback conditions in the same session to confirm differences across Experiments 1-3. These results are consistent with the view that actions and their perceptual consequences are coordinated in a way that distinguishes timing (phase shifts) from sequencing (period shifts).

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confidence: 99%

Auditory feedback in music performance: Evidence for a dissociation of sequencing and timing.

Pfordresher¹

2003

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

115

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“…Though servosystem models differ from one another along several dimensions, they all share the view that speech production is monitored and controlled by feedback of afferent stimuli via sensory information received from peripheral receptors (Kramer, 1972;Ringel, 1970). Sensory feedback, as described in servosystem models, is provided by the auditory, oral tactile, and oral kinesthetic-proprioceptive pathways (Fairbanks, 1954;Kramer, 1972;MacNeilage, 1970). A number of studies have attempted to investigate the importance of feedback control by studying what happens to speech when sensory feedback is altered or manipulated.…”

Section: Servosystem Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…"System" is used here to refer to the interacting and interdependent components of a functional unit that is only partially accessible to direct observation. Because the speech system's complexity does not allow completely direct observation of its operations, models have been developed by a number of investigators as a means of representing what might be the nature of the system and how it functions (Lee, 1950;Lashley, 1951;Fairbanks, 1954;Liberman et al, 1962Liberman et al, , 1967Eilenberg, 1973;Kent, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between oral sensory feedback skills and adaptation to delayed auditory feedback

Attanasio¹

1987

Journal of Communication Disorders

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“…One class of servosystem theories can be described as Output-Matching Models, since they hold that errors in speech under DAF reflect an attempt to restore the normal correspondence between speech output and feedback (Fairbanks, 1954). In this theory, the S stutters under DAF in order to make what he's saying match what he's hearing.…”

Section: Codamentioning

confidence: 99%

To speak with an accent: Effects of nasal distortion on stuttering under delayed auditory feedback

MacKay

1969

Perception & Psychophysics

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Table 1 (a) The C5I (in seconds per syllable) for the Three Experimental Conditions: Nasal Voice, Normal Voice (reduced and maximal rate), where N Represents the Number of Ss, (b) The Probability of Stuttering (per syllable) for the Nasal and Nonnal Voice Conditions.EXPERIMENT I : THE EFFECT OF ASSUMING AN UNUSUAL ACCENT The first experiment was an attempt to demonstrate a parallel between normal and pathological stuttering. Bryngelson (1958) reported that when pathological stutterers put on or assume an unusual accent such as a Louisiana drawl, their stuttering is reduced. We were interested in whether normal Ss also stutter less under DAF when they speak with an accent.Experimental delays in auditory feedback are known to cause stuttering in normal individuals (Lee, 1951). The present study of DAF investigated the following questions about stuttering under delayed auditory feedback (DAF): Do we stutter less under DAF when we speak with an unusual accent? Is the effect of speaking with an accent due simply to the change in the acoustic characteristics of the returning feedback? What is the relation between the intelligibility of the returning feedback and the extent of DAF interference? Can the effect of DAF on foreign speakers be attributed to their accents? Does DAF stuttering reflect an attempt to correct a distortion in feedback resulting from delaying the acoustic signal as postulated in servosystem theories? What is the relationship between DAF and pathological stuttering? The main question in this study was whether ProcedureFor one condition the procedure was as follows: S was presented with IO IS-syllable sentences on index cards and instructed to read each sentence as fast as he could in his normal voice regardless of what happened to his speech under DAF.The other condition was identical except that the Ss were instructed to read 10 sentences with a nasal accent. The E showed the S how to nasalize speech (the result of contracting the velar muscles, Heffner, 1964). Each S was given several sentences without DAF so that he could practice his nasal accent. ResultsRate of speech. The time to produce each sentence was determined with a standard-stop watch. The speech rate was estimated from a measure of syllable duration known as the correct syllable interval (CSI). The CSI is defined as Tn/S, where Tn is the time to correctly produce some proportion n of the S syllables in the sentence (after Fairbanks, 1955).The rates of speech for the three experimental conditions are compared in Table Ia. As might be expected, the mean CSI was smaller when the Ss were speaking at their maximum as compared to their normal rates. When speaking with a nasal accent the Ss spoke at about their normal rates (see Table I), allowing valid comparison of DAF stuttering in the nasal and normal rate conditions. ControlsFeedback intensity. Since Ss in a pilot study tended to speak more softly than normally through their noses, the level of the nasal feedback was amplified to match that of the non-nasal feedback. Subsequent meas...

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Systematic Research In Experimental Phonetics: ^* 1. A Theory Of The Speech Mechanism As A Servosystem

Cited by 211 publications

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Auditory feedback in music performance: Evidence for a dissociation of sequencing and timing.

Auditory feedback in music performance: Evidence for a dissociation of sequencing and timing.

Relationships between oral sensory feedback skills and adaptation to delayed auditory feedback

To speak with an accent: Effects of nasal distortion on stuttering under delayed auditory feedback

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Systematic Research In Experimental Phonetics: * 1. A Theory Of The Speech Mechanism As A Servosystem

Cited by 211 publications

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Auditory feedback in music performance: Evidence for a dissociation of sequencing and timing.

Auditory feedback in music performance: Evidence for a dissociation of sequencing and timing.

Relationships between oral sensory feedback skills and adaptation to delayed auditory feedback

To speak with an accent: Effects of nasal distortion on stuttering under delayed auditory feedback

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Systematic Research In Experimental Phonetics: ^* 1. A Theory Of The Speech Mechanism As A Servosystem