Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes

Ajala, Olubukola; English, Patrick; Pinkney, Jonathan

doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.042457

Cited by 691 publications

(565 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Diets rich in protein and low glycaemic index carbohydrates also improve satiety and avoid or reduce excess weight gain 39,48,119 . Animal and human studies also show that fat intake is potentially linked to overeating and a positive energy balance 44,120 , although high fat diets do not necessarily cause weight gain 52,53 , and lowcarbohydrate diets (high-protein or high fat) have shown to be as effective as control or low-fat diets in weight loss treatments 35,37,40,54,68 Furthermore, the advances in bioinformatics and 'omics' technologies may herald a new era in personalized medicine, 121 although applications of epigenetic and genome-wide profiling are some way from clinical implementation or global consensus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…53 The effects of diets with different macronutrient distributions (low-carbohydrate, high-protein or low-glycaemic-index) or specific nutritional requirements (vegetarian, vegan, high-fibre or Mediterranean) were compared, either to each other or to reference standard diets (low-fat, high-glycaemic-index, American Diabetes Association, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, or low-protein), with regard to effects on glucose regulation, lipid metabolism and weight management or weight loss. 53 Interestingly, the Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets produced the greatest weight loss (-1.84 kg and -0.69 kg from baseline, respectively), and were also associated with the greatest improvements in cardiovascular risk markers. Another meta-analysis of 24 randomized trials involving 1,063 adult participants assessed the effect on weight loss of modifying the carbohydrate:protein ratio in energy-restricted, low-fat diets with similar energy and fat content.…”

Section: Meta-analyses and Systematic Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution

2014

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A large number of different dietary approaches have been studied in the attempt to achieve healthy, sustainable weight loss among individuals with overweight and obesity. Restriction of energy intake is the primary method of producing a negative energy balance leading to weight loss. However, owing to the different metabolic roles of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in energy homeostasis, diets of similar overall energy content but with different macronutrient distribution can differentially affect metabolism, appetite and thermogenesis. Evidence increasingly suggests that the fuel values of calories provided by distinct macronutrients should be considered separately, as metabolism of specific molecular components generates differences in energy yield and. The causes of variation in individual responses to various diets are currently under debate, and some evidence suggests that differences are associated with specific genotypes. This narrative Review discusses all available systematic reviews and metaanalyses, and summarizes the results of relevant randomized controlled intervention trials assessing the influence of macronutrient composition on weight management. The initial findings of research into personalized nutrition, based on the interactions of macronutrient intake and genetic background and its potential influence on dietary intervention strategies, are also discussed. Key points• The relative contributions of different aetiological factors to obesity remains to be fully defined, although the importance of different dietary macronutrients, physical activity patterns and genetics is acknowledged• Improved understanding of the mechanisms of weight gain and obesity might lead to comprehensive and efficient strategies to prevent and ameliorate this global epidemic• Studies of the roles of individual macronutrients in weight management are needed to define whether diets of similar calorific content but different composition differentially effect energy yield and utilization• Experts generally agree that weight-loss strategies should aim to not only reduce body fat in the short term, but also achieve long-term maintenance of healthy body weight• The study of gene-nutrient interactions and the differential effects of genotype on macronutrient utilization might identify personalized strategies for effective weight loss and maintenance of healthy body weight

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Meta-analyses and Systematic Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution

2014

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“…Implementing and maintaining the lifestyle changes associated with weight loss can, however, be challenging for many patients 24 . Various weight-loss strategies with follow-up for at least 6 months have been evaluated in people with T2DM with variable results 40 .…”

Section: Diet Alonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, diet composition has little effect on glycaemic control independent of total calories 40 . However, recent data suggest that prebiotic and probiotic approaches may target gut microbiome and thereby improve host metabolism 42 .…”

Section: Diet Alonementioning

confidence: 99%

Combating the dual burden: therapeutic targeting of common pathways in obesity and type 2 diabetes

Scheen

Gaal

2014

The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology

175

131

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New glucose-lowering therapies, especially glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, offer advantages over traditional antidiabetic agents by promoting weight loss while improving glucose control. . The present review will explore the overlapping pathophysiology and also how the various therapies can, alone or in combination, combat the 'dual burden' of obesity and T2DM. Word count: 249

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“…The ability to limit carbohydrates, rather than having to eat fixed amounts linked to fixed insulin dosages, had beneficial aspects for some in terms of weight loss, increased mealtime flexibility, and feelings of more predictability and control over blood glucose readings. 7 Low-carbohydrate diets for people with Type 2 diabetes have been the subject of research interest, [13][14][15] with findings of improvements in glycaemic control and weight loss. There are fewer studies of this dietary choice in people with Type 1 diabetes.…”

Section: Original Scientific Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

From 'pleasure to chemistry': the experience of carbohydrate counting with and without carbohydrate restriction for people with Type 1 diabetes

Cresswell¹,

Krebs²,

Gilmour³

et al. 2015

J Prim Health Care

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INTRODUCTION:Matching carbohydrate intake with insulin dosage is recommended management for people with Type 1 diabetes. However, international interest in restricted carbohydrate diets is growing. General practitioners and practice nurses need to know how to advise people with Type 1 diabetes regarding low-carbohydrate diets. This study aimed to explore the carbohydrate counting experiences of people with Type 1 diabetes in a trial with and without a diet restricted to 75 g of carbohydrate per day.

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes

Abstract: Low-carbohydrate, low-GI, Mediterranean, and high-protein diets are effective in improving various markers of cardiovascular risk in people with diabetes and should be considered in the overall strategy of diabetes management.

Cited by 691 publications

References 62 publications

Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution

Personalized weight loss strategies—the role of macronutrient distribution

Combating the dual burden: therapeutic targeting of common pathways in obesity and type 2 diabetes

From 'pleasure to chemistry': the experience of carbohydrate counting with and without carbohydrate restriction for people with Type 1 diabetes

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