Systematic review and meta-analysis of Sniffin Sticks Test performance in Parkinson’s disease patients in different countries

Trentin, Sheila; Oliveira, Bruno Samuel Fraiman de; Borges, Yuri Ferreira Felloni; Rieder, Carlos Roberto de Mello

doi:10.1007/s00405-021-06970-8

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Considering literature-determined normalcy values for both tests (> 10 hits on the SS-12 and ≥ 6 hits on the mCCCRC), 7 8 9 we found low frequencies of normal performance in both groups. In the CG, 21.05% of participants scored normally on the SS-12 and 44.7%, on mCCCRC, while in the PDG, only 2.9% had normal scores on the SS-12 and 0%, on the mCCCRC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…5 Accordingly, the PD patients in our cohort scored significantly lower on both olfactory tests, which is consistent with many other studies. 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SS-12, an industrialized test, consists of 12 felt-tip pens filled with different dissolved odorants, 8 which include orange, leather, peppermint, banana, coffee, cinnamon, cloves, liquorice, lemon, pineapple, rose and fish. Each odorant is presented to the patient and four written options with only one correct answer are provided.…”

Section: Olfactory Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance of a cost-effective olfactory test to evaluate hyposmia in Parkinson's disease patients

Arruda,

Silva,

Brisson

et al. 2024

Arq Neuropsiquiatr

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Background Parkinson's disease (PD) causes motor and non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, which is evaluated through olfactory tests in the clinical practice. Objective To assess the feasibility of using the modified Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (mCCCRC) olfactory test and to compare its performance with the Sniffin' Sticks-12 (SS-12, Burghart Messtechnik GmbH, Wedel, Germany) test. Methods A transversal case-control study in which the patients were divided into the PD group (PDG) and the control group (CG). The cost and difficulty in handling substances to produce the mCCCRC test kits were evaluated. Sociodemographic characteristics, smoking habits, past coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, self-perception of odor sense, and cognition through the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were also evaluated. The PDG was scored by part III of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-III) and the Hoehn and Yahr Scale (H&Y) scale. Correlations were assessed through the Spearman rank correlation coefficient test (ρ, or rho). Results The mCCCRC test was easily manufactured and handled at a cost ten times lower compared with the SS-12. The groups (PDG: n = 34; CG: n = 38) were similar in terms of age, sex, level of schooling, smoking habits, and history of COVID-19. The tests results showed moderate correlation (rho = 0.65; p < 0.0001). The CG presented better cognitive performance and scored better in both tests (p < 0.0001). There was a tendency for a negative correlation with age, but good correlation with the MoCA (p = 0.0029). The results of the PDG group showed no correlation with olfactory results and motor performance or disease duration. The self-perception of hyposmia was low in both groups. Conclusion The mCCCRC is an easy-to-apply and inexpensive method that demonstrated a similar performance to that of the SS-12 in evaluating olfaction in PD patients and healthy controls.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…5 Accordingly, the PD patients in our cohort scored significantly lower on both olfactory tests, which is consistent with many other studies. 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance of a cost-effective olfactory test to evaluate hyposmia in Parkinson's disease patients

Arruda,

Silva,

Brisson

et al. 2024

Arq Neuropsiquiatr

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“…While the UPSIT is a pure odor identification test [67], the Sniffin' Sticks test allows for the combined assessment of odor identification, odor discrimination and odor detection thresholds [68]. As PD affects all olfactory tasks in an uniform manner compared to, e.g., Alzheimer's disease [69,70], both the UPSIT and the Sniffin' Sticks test are effective in detecting a PD-related OD [55]. However, they both are relatively time-consuming.…”

Section: Opportunities Of Od As Early Marker In Pdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities and Pitfalls of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Olfactory Dysfunction as Early Markers in Parkinson’s Disease

Orso,

Brosse,

Frasnelli

et al. 2024

Journal of Parkinson’s Disease

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During its pre-motor stage, Parkinson’s disease (PD) presents itself with a multitude of non-motor symptoms with different degrees of specificity and sensitivity. The most important among them are REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and olfactory dysfunction. RBD is a parasomnia characterized by the loss of REM sleep muscle atonia and dream-enacting behaviors. Olfactory dysfunction in individuals with prodromal PD is usually described as hyposmia (reduced sense of smell) or anosmia (complete loss of olfactory function). These symptoms can precede the full expression of motor symptoms by decades. A close comprehension of these symptoms and the underlying mechanisms may enable early screening as well as interventions to improve patients’ quality of life. Therefore, these symptoms have unmatched potential for identifying PD patients in prodromal stages, not only allowing early diagnosis but potentially opening a window for early, possibly disease-modifying intervention. However, they come with certain challenges. This review addresses some of the key opportunities and pitfalls of both RBD and olfactory dysfunction as early markers of PD.

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“…The association between neurodegenerative diseases and smell issues is well established in the literature [2][3][4][5]11,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. It is estimated to be present in 90% of patients with early Parkinson's disease (PD) and 85% of patients with early Alzheimer's disease (AD) [28].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Dysfunction and Glaucoma

Iannucci,

Bruscolini,

Iannella

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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Background: Olfactory dysfunction is a well-known phenomenon in neurological diseases with anosmia and hyposmia serving as clinical or preclinical indicators of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Since glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the visual system, it may also entail alterations in olfactory function, warranting investigation into potential sensory interconnections. Methods: A review of the current literature of the last 15 years (from 1 April 2008 to 1 April 2023) was conducted by two different authors searching for topics related to olfaction and glaucoma. Results: three papers met the selection criteria. According to these findings, patients with POAG appear to have worse olfaction than healthy subjects. Furthermore, certain predisposing conditions to glaucoma, such as pseudoexfoliation syndrome and primary vascular dysregulation, could possibly induce olfactory changes that can be measured with the Sniffin Stick test. Conclusions: the scientific literature on this topic is very limited, and the pathogenesis of olfactory changes in glaucoma is not clear. However, if the results of these studies are confirmed by further research, olfactory testing may be a non-invasive tool to assist clinicians in the early diagnosis of glaucoma.

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of Sniffin Sticks Test performance in Parkinson’s disease patients in different countries

Cited by 9 publications

References 81 publications

Performance of a cost-effective olfactory test to evaluate hyposmia in Parkinson's disease patients

Performance of a cost-effective olfactory test to evaluate hyposmia in Parkinson's disease patients

Opportunities and Pitfalls of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Olfactory Dysfunction as Early Markers in Parkinson’s Disease

Olfactory Dysfunction and Glaucoma

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