Systematic review and meta-analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as environmental trigger of multiple sclerosis

Ekundayo, Temitope C.; Olasehinde, Tosin A.; Falade, Ayodeji O.; Adewoyin, Mary Ayobami; Iwu, Chidozie Declan; Igere, Bright E.; Ijabadeniyi, Oluwatosin Ademola

doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103671

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Aside from granulomatous diseases where MAP could be participating in the granuloma, persistent harboring of MAP can produce autoantibodies via molecular mimicry to MAP's heat shock protein 65 (HSP65) [116]. MAP's HSP65 mimics various human proteins inciting autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroiditis [117], autoimmune diabetes (T1D) [118], multiple sclerosis [83,119], lupus [120], rheumatoid arthritis [121.122] and Sjogren's syndrome [123].…”

Section: Discussion -Map and Human Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

BCG Vaccine – The Road Not Taken

Dow¹,

Kidess²

2022

Preprint

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The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been used for over one hundred years to protect against the most lethal infectious agent in human history, tuberculosis. Over four billion BCG doses have been given and, worldwide, most newborns receive BCG. A few countries, including the United States, did not adopt the WHO recommendation for routine use of BCG. Moreover, within the past several decades, most of Western Europe and Australia, having originally employed routine BCG, have discontinued its use. This review article articulates the impacts of those decisions. The associated consequences include increased tuberculosis, increased infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), increased autoimmune disease (autoimmune diabetes and multiple sclerosis) and increased neurodegenerative disease (Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease). This review also offers an emerged zoonotic pathogen, Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis (MAP) as a mostly unrecognized NTM that may have a causal role in some, if not all, of these diseases. Current clinical trials with BCG for varied infectious, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases have brought this century-old vaccine to the fore due to its presumed immuno-modulating capacity. With its historic success and strong safety profile, the new and novel applications for BCG may lead to its universal use –putting the Western World back onto the road not taken.

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Section: Discussion -Map and Human Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

BCG Vaccine – The Road Not Taken

Dow¹,

Kidess²

2022

Preprint

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“…To date, MAP has been causally associated with granulomatous diseases: Crohn’s (Kuenstner et al 2017 ), sarcoidosis (Celler BG 2018 ; Reid and Chiodini 1993 ) and Blau syndrome (Dow and Ellingson 2010 ). Through molecular mimicry from mycobacterial heat shock protein (hsp65) (Dow 2012 ), MAP induces autoantibodies in autoimmune diabetes (T1D) (Naser et al 2013 Jun), multiple sclerosis (Cossu et al 2013 ; Ekundayo et al 2022 ), autoimmune thyroiditis (Sisto et al 2010 ), lupus (Dow 2016 ), rheumatoid arthritis (Bo et al 2019a , 2018 ) and possibly, Sjogren’s syndrome (Dow and Chan 2021 ). The causal association of three diseases will be further featured: T1D, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.…”

Section: Johne’s Disease—paratuberculosis Of Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…His postdoctoral student, Davide Cossu, matriculated to the lab of Prof. Eiichi Momotani in Japan. Cossu continued his investigation of microbial triggers of multiple sclerosis there and coauthored several publications that have linked MAP as well as other microbial triggers of multiple sclerosis in these two disparate populations (Ekundayo et al 2022 ; Cossu et al 2017 ).…”

Section: Johne’s Disease—paratuberculosis Of Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis zoonosis is a One Health emergency

Dow

Alvarez

2022

EcoHealth

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A singular pathogen has been killing animals, contaminating food and causing an array of human diseases. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of a fatal enteric infectious disease called Johne’s (Yo’-nees), a disorder mostly studied in ruminant animals. MAP is globally impacting animal health and imparting significant economic burden to animal agriculture. Confounding the management of Johne’s disease is that animals are typically infected as calves and while commonly not manifesting clinical disease for years, they shed MAP in their milk and feces in the interval. This has resulted in a “don’t test, don’t tell” scenario for the industry resulting in greater prevalence of Johne’s disease; furthermore, because MAP survives pasteurization, the contaminated food supply provides a source of exposure to humans. Indeed, greater than 90% of dairy herds in the US have MAP-infected animals within the herd. The same bacterium, MAP, is the putative cause of Crohn’s disease in humans. Countries historically isolated from importing/exporting ruminant animals and free of Johne’s disease subsequently acquired the disease as a consequence of opening trade with what proved to be infected animals. Crohn’s disease in those populations became a lagging indicator of MAP infection. Moreover, MAP is associated with an increasingly long list of human diseases. Despite MAP scientists entreating regulatory agencies to designate MAP a “zoonotic agent,” it has not been forthcoming. One Health is a global endeavor applying an integrative health initiative that includes the environment, animals and humans; One Health asserts that stressors affecting one affects all three. Recognizing the impact MAP has on animal and human health as well as on the environment, it is time for One Health, as well as other global regulatory agencies, to recognize that MAP is causing an insidious slow-motion tsunami of zoonosis and implement public health mitigation.

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“…Associated with autoimmune diabetes, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease is Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis (MAP) [ 52 , 53 ].…”

Section: Bcg and Non-tuberculous Mycobacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

BCG Vaccine—The Road Not Taken

Dow

Kidess

2022

Microorganisms

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been used for over one hundred years to protect against the most lethal infectious agent in human history, tuberculosis. Over four billion BCG doses have been given and, worldwide, most newborns receive BCG. A few countries, including the United States, did not adopt the WHO recommendation for routine use of BCG. Moreover, within the past several decades, most of Western Europe and Australia, having originally employed routine BCG, have discontinued its use. This review article articulates the impacts of those decisions. The suggested consequences include increased tuberculosis, increased infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), increased autoimmune disease (autoimmune diabetes and multiple sclerosis) and increased neurodegenerative disease (Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease). This review also offers an emerged zoonotic pathogen, Mycobacteriumavium ss. paratuberculosis (MAP), as a mostly unrecognized NTM that may have a causal role in some, if not all, of these diseases. Current clinical trials with BCG for varied infectious, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases have brought this century-old vaccine to the fore due to its presumed immuno-modulating capacity. With its historic success and strong safety profile, the new and novel applications for BCG may lead to its universal use–putting the Western World back onto the road not taken.

show abstract

Systematic review and meta-analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as environmental trigger of multiple sclerosis

Cited by 14 publications

References 62 publications

BCG Vaccine – The Road Not Taken

BCG Vaccine – The Road Not Taken

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis zoonosis is a One Health emergency

BCG Vaccine—The Road Not Taken

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