Systematic review of ground reaction force measurements in cats

Schnabl, E.; Bockstahler, Barbara

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.017

Cited by 28 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Vertical force profiles in horses demonstrate similar peaks of 5–6 N/Kg during walking for both walkway and treadmill (Biknevicius et al, 2004; Weishaupt et al, 2010), but vertical ground reaction forces increased with speed on the treadmill (Weishaupt et al, 2010), while they did not for walkway running (Khumsap et al, 2001) or trotting (Dutto et al, 2004). We are not aware of any other studies on measuring ground reaction forces in all three Cartesian directions during treadmill walking in cats, but our results are in line with the ground reaction forces reported during walkway walking in cats (Corbee et al, 2014; Gregor et al, 2006; Kaya et al, 2006; Lascelles et al, 2007; Manter, 1938; Schnabl and Bockstahler, 2015). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Most ground reaction forces are collected either with three-axes force plates mounted in a walkway [Corbee et al, 2014; Kaya et al, 2006; Manter, 1938], vertical force only pressure sensitive walkways [Lascelles et al, 2007; (Corbee et al, 2014; Kaya et al, 2006; Manter, 1938; Schnabl and Bockstahler, 2015) or single-axis force transducer mounted under the treadmill belt (Bockstahler et al, 2007; Musienko et al, 2012). Our split-belt design offers the advantages of requiring a smaller foot print than walkway and facilitates the attachment of fixed physiology transducers such as EMG cables or pneumograph.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The measurement of ground reaction forces aids in the assessment of locomotor function in humans and animals (Corbee et al, 2014; Cross, 1999; Fransz et al, 2013; Gregor et al, 2006; Lascelles et al, 2007; Schnabl and Bockstahler, 2015; Webb et al, 2011). Typically, force plates are mounted to capture a single step as the subject walks on a runway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and validation of a split belt treadmill for measuring hindlimb ground-reaction forces in able-bodied and spinalized felines

Dimiskovski

Scheinfield

Higgin

et al. 2017

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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BACKGROUND The measurement of ground reaction forces (GRFs) in animals trained to locomote on a treadmill after spinal cord injury (SCI) could prove valuable for evaluating training outcomes; however, quantitative measures of the GRFs in spinal felines are limited. NEW METHOD A split belt treadmill was designed and constructed to measure the GRFs of feline hindlimbs during stepping. The treadmill consists of two independent treadmill assemblies, each mounted on a force plate. The design allows measurements of the vertical (Fz), fore-aft (Fy) and mediolateral (Fx) ground-reaction forces for both hindlimbs while the forelimbs are resting on a platform. RESULTS Static and dynamic noise tests revealed little to no noise at frequencies below 6 Hz. Validation of the force plate measurements with a hand-held force sensor force showed good agreement between the two force readings. Peak normalized (to body mass) vertical GRFs for intact cats were 4.89±0.85N/Kg for the left hindlimb and 4.79±0.97N/Kg for the right. In comparison, trained spinalized cats peak normalized vertical GRFs were 2.20±0.94N/Kg for the left hindlimb and 2.85±0.99N/Kg for the right. COMPARISON WITH OTHER EXISTING METHODS Previous methods of measuring GRFs used stationary single force plates or treadmill mounted to single force plate. Using independent treadmills for each hindlimb allows measurement of the individual hindlimb’s GRFs in spinalized cats following body-weight supported treadmill training. CONCLUSIONS The split belt force treadmill enables the simultaneous recording of ground-reaction forces for both hindlimbs in cats prior to spinalization, and following spinalization and body-weight-supported treadmill training (BWST).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and validation of a split belt treadmill for measuring hindlimb ground-reaction forces in able-bodied and spinalized felines

Dimiskovski

Scheinfield

Higgin

et al. 2017

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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“…A recent review summarized the data reported in the publicly available literature on measurements of PFz and IFz in cats, which had been obtained mainly through use of pressure-sensitive mats. All of the studies included in the review had allowed for a period of acclimatisation or performed training prior to the testing [18]. But training on a leash, as it has been applied in a recent study [19] is not in general applicable in client owned cats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coefficients of variation of ground reaction force measurement in cats

2017

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Gait analysis has been extensively performed in dogs and horses; however, very little is known about feline biomechanics. It was, therefore, the aim of this study to determine the coefficient of variation (CV) among three ground reaction force (GRF) measurements taken for 15 client-owned European shorthaired cats without a training period and a short acclimatisation time. Gait was measured as each cat walked across a pressure-sensitive walkway, and measurements were made three times over a multi-week period (range: 2 to 17 weeks). The parameters evaluated were peak vertical force (PFz), vertical impulse (IFz), stance phase duration (SPD), step length (SL), paw contact area (PCA) and symmetry index (SI%) of the front and hind limbs. After averaging each of the values from the three measurements, the CV and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for all parameters. PFz showed the lowest CV (~ 3%), while IFz showed the highest CV (~11%) when normalised to body mass. When the GRFs were normalised to total force, the CV of PFz dropped to ~2% and that of IFz dropped to ~3%. The CV of SL and PCA were lower (~6% respectively ~5%) compared to the CV for SPD (~10%). The SI% for both PFz and IFz were comparable to the values reported in the gait analysis literature for dogs. Results of the current study indicate that gait analysis of cats using pressure-sensitive walkways produces reliable data and is a promising approach for evaluation of lameness. The results also suggest that PFz may be a more reliable parameter than IFz and that normalisation to percent of total force may aid in interpretation of the evaluated data.

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“…The cats were coaxed using positive reinforcement (treats, clicker, brushing, etc .) to trot across the walkway at a comfortable speed (0.8–1.4 m s -1 ) [29]. Speed was computed using the time and distance of a given trot.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analgesic efficacy of tramadol in cats with naturally occurring osteoarthritis

et al. 2017

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ObjectivesThis study aimed to (1) compare outcome assessments in normal and osteoarthritic cats and (2) evaluate the analgesic efficacy of tramadol in feline osteoarthritis (OA), in a prospective, randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design.MethodsTwenty cats were included after clinical examination, blood work and full body radiographs were performed. In Phase 1, outcome assessments aimed to differentiate normal (n = 5; i.e. exempt of any radiographic and clinical sign of OA) from OA (n = 15) cats. In Phase 2, OA cats were treated twice daily with a placebo (PG: cornstarch 15 mg) or tramadol (TG: 3 mg/kg) orally for 19 days, with a 3-month washout period between treatments. Evaluations were performed in normal and OA cats at baseline and consisted of: 1) peak vertical force (PVF) after staircase exercise; 2) telemetered night-time motor activity (NMA); and 3) response to mechanical temporal summation (RMTS). After treatment, PVF, NMA and RMTS evaluations were repeated in OA cats. Data were analysed with mixed model methods with an alpha-threshold of 5%.ResultsPhase 1: 1) PVF (% of body weight; mean ± SD) was higher in normal (59 ± 10.5) than in OA cats (50.6 ± 5.7) (p = 0.005); 2) NMA (no unit) was not different between groups; 3) RMTS (number of stimuli; median (range)) was higher in normal [29.5 (23.5–30)] than in OA cats [14 (8.5–28)] (p < 0.0001). Phase 2: PVF, NMA and RMTS presented a treatment effect (p = 0.024, p = 0.008 and p = 0.018, respectively). No clinically important adverse-effects were observed.ConclusionOutcome assessments such as kinetics (PVF) and evaluation of central sensitisation (RMTS) are discriminant of OA status. Mobility measured by NMA was not discriminant of OA status, however it increased in OA cats with tramadol treatment. Nociceptive hypersensitivity quantified by RMTS was evident in OA cats and was responsive to tramadol treatment.

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Systematic review of ground reaction force measurements in cats

Cited by 28 publications

References 37 publications

Characterization and validation of a split belt treadmill for measuring hindlimb ground-reaction forces in able-bodied and spinalized felines

Characterization and validation of a split belt treadmill for measuring hindlimb ground-reaction forces in able-bodied and spinalized felines

Coefficients of variation of ground reaction force measurement in cats

Analgesic efficacy of tramadol in cats with naturally occurring osteoarthritis

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