Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts

Abstract

Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability.Address for correspondence: Calvin C. Willhite, Risk Sciences International, 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 700, Ottawa, ON, Canada. calvinwillhite@hotmail.com. Declaration of interestPartial funding for this work was provided by a contract to review the recent scientific literature on health effects of aluminum between the International Aluminium Institute (IAI, www.world-aluminium.org), the Aluminium Reach Consortium (ARC, www.aluminium-reach-consortium.eu), and Risk Sciences International (RSI, www.risksciences.com), a Canadian company established in 2006 in partnership with the University of Ottawa. Additional financial support was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to D. Krewski, who holds the NSERC Chair in Risk Science at the University of Ottawa. C.C. Willhite, N.A. Karyakina, F. Momoli, and N. Yenugadhati were compensated by RSI for their contributions to the review. I. Arnold, T. Wisniewski and R. Yokel received no compensation from RSI for their contributions to this work. The authors, whose affiliations are shown on the title page, had sole responsibility for preparation of this paper, including determining the strategy for reviewing the scientific literature summarized in this article, synthesizing the findings, and drawing conclusions. Scientists associated with IAI/ARC were given the opportunity to review and offer technical comments on the paper, prior to submission to Critical Reviews in Toxicology. I. Arnold serves as a consultant to the International Aluminium Institute. None of the authors have appeared before regulatory agencies on behalf of the sponsors, or appeared as experts in legal proceedings concerning matters reviewed in this paper. The scientific opinions and conclusions expressed in the paper are exclusively those of the authors, and are independent of the sources of financial support. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author ManuscriptThe present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. (2007). The scientific literature on the adverse health effects of Al is extensive. Health risk assessments for Al must take into account individual co-factors (e.g., age, renal function, diet, gastric pH). Conclusions from the current review point to the need for refinement of the PTWI, reduction of Al contamination in PN solutions, justification for routine addition of Al to vaccines, and harmonization of OELs for Al substances.

Aluminium in Allergies and Allergen immunotherapy

“…The injected Al ADJ releases the biologically active form Al 3+ and aluminate (Al(OH) 4 − ) ions, which may react with water and finally lead to Al superoxide production [65]. However, most of the injected aluminium will be phagocytized and thereby activate cells that recruit even more inflammatory cells.…”

A Comprehensive Analysis of How Environmental Risks of Breast Cancer Are Portrayed on the Internet

“…Another systematic review on aluminum exposure from deodorant/antiperspirant use and breast cancer showed no clear evidence of an association. 55 Our analysis of online content found that 75% (n=27) of the webpages discussing aluminum exposure from deodorant use and breast cancer mentioned inconclusive or non-significant relationship between aluminum and breast cancer risk, while 25.0% (n=9) only focused on increased risk due to aluminum exposure.…”

Do deodorants/underarm cosmetics cause cancer?

“…Ek olarak, meme tümörünün meme içindeki yeriyle ya da evre, büyüklük ve steroid reseptörü durumu gibi tümörle alakalı diğer faktörlerle ilişkili olarak alüminyum konsantrasyonlarında anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmemiştir 30 . Alüminyum içeren koltuk altı antiperspirantlarının ya da kozmetiklerin meme kanseri riskini artırdığını gösteren açık bir kanıt bulunmamaktadır 31 .…”

“…Darbre 10 ve Harvey 12 , meme kanseri ile (paraben ve alüminyum içeren) koltuk altı kozmetiklerinin kullanımını doğrudan ele almaya yönelik iki epidemiyolojik çalışma bildirmişlerdir. Öte yandan diğer birçok çalışmada, meme kanseri riski ve antiperspirant kullanımı arasında ilişki bulunmamıştır 3,5,13,22,[24][25][26][27][28]30,31 . Meme kanseri hastaları ve etkilenmemiş kontroller arasında güncel antiperspirant/deodorant kullanımından kaynaklanan bir fark yoktur 28 .…”