Systematic Testing for Influenza and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among Patients With Respiratory Illness

Flannery, Brendan; Williams, John V.; Martin, Emily T.; Gaglani, Manjusha; Jackson, Michael L.; Talbot, H. Keipp; Belongia, Edward A; McLean, Huong Q.; Zimmerman, Richard K.; Nowalk, Mary Patricia; Johnson, Marion; Monto, Arnold S.; Lamerato, Lois; Malani, Anurag N.; Phillips, C. Hallie; Kiniry, Erika; Wellwood, Stacie; Volz, Marcus; Walker, Kimberly; Rao, Arundhati; Wyatt, Dayna; Trabue, Christopher; Zhu, Yuwei; Chung, Jessie R.; Kim, Sara S.; Ferdinands, Jill; Patel, Manish

doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1023

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Despite the expectation of reduced impact due to lockdown measures, flu is still seen as a confounding factor for population-level estimates of the burden of respiratory illness when COVID-19 and flu coexist. 52 Analogously, flu must be taken into serious consideration as a confounding factor for any PGHD-based applications, being that at population or individual level. Finally, an accurate understanding of detection parameters (sensitivity, specificity, lag) in true real-world settings is crucial not only to understand feasibility, but also to understand how to shape the interaction between the system and its users.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing COVID-19 and Influenza Illnesses in the Real World via Person-Generated Health Data

et al. 2021

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Characterizing COVID-19 and Influenza Illnesses in the Real World via Person-Generated Health Data Highlights d We use data from smartphones and wearables from~7,000 people to compare flu and COVID-19 d While symptoms have some overlap, patients report longer COVID-19 illnesses than flu d Elevated resting heart rate measures are more frequent around illness symptoms onset d It is important to consider flu as a confounder in COVID-19 real-world studies

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing COVID-19 and Influenza Illnesses in the Real World via Person-Generated Health Data

et al. 2021

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“…Studies in this outpatient setting also contribute to understanding vaccine protection against a spectrum of illness, adding effectiveness against symptomatic illness in outpatient settings to published inpatient, emergency department, and urgent care estimates for moderately severe and severe COVID‐19. Systematic testing of outpatients presenting with CLI has the potential to identify SARS‐CoV‐2 positive cases and collect vaccination histories that may not be available from analyses of electronic medical records, especially as SARS‐CoV‐2 testing for persons with symptomatic illness becomes less frequent 32 . As SARS‐CoV‐2 viruses evolve and COVID‐19 continues to cause substantial respiratory illness, systematic testing for respiratory illnesses including COVID‐19 and influenza will be important to evaluate effectiveness of COVID‐19 vaccines and immunization schedules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of two and three mRNA COVID‐19 vaccine doses against Omicron‐ and Delta‐Related outpatient illness among adults, October 2021–February 2022

Kim

Chung

Talbot

et al. 2022

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…Studies in this outpatient setting also contribute to understanding vaccine protection against a spectrum of illness, adding effectiveness against symptomatic illness in outpatient settings to published inpatient, emergency department, and urgent care estimates for moderately severe and severe COVID-19. Systematic testing of outpatients presenting with CLI has the potential to identify SARS-CoV-2 positive cases and collect vaccination histories for VE estimates that may not be available from analyses of electronic medical records, especially as SARS-CoV-2 testing for persons with symptomatic illness becomes less frequent [33]. As SARS-CoV-2 viruses evolve and COVID-19 may continue to cause influxes of respiratory illness, systematic testing for respiratory illnesses including COVID-19 and influenza will be important to evaluate effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and immunization schedules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of 2 and 3 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Doses against Omicron and Delta-Related Outpatient Illness among Adults, October 2021 – February 2022

Kim¹,

Chung

Talbot

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: We estimated SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron-specific effectiveness of 2 and 3 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine doses in adults against symptomatic illness in US outpatient settings. Methods: Between October 1, 2021, and February 12, 2022, research staff consented and enrolled eligible participants who had fever, cough, or loss of taste or smell and sought outpatient medical care or clinical SARS-CoV-2 testing within 10 days of illness onset. Using the test-negative design, we compared the odds of receiving 2 or 3 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine doses among SARS-CoV-2 cases versus controls using logistic regression. Regression models were adjusted for study site, age, onset week, and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated as (1-adjusted odds ratio) x 100%. Results: Among 3847 participants included for analysis, 574 (32%) of 1775 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the Delta predominant period and 1006 (56%) of 1794 participants tested positive during the Omicron predominant period. When Delta predominated, VE against symptomatic illness in outpatient settings was 63% (95% CI: 51% to 72%) among mRNA 2-dose recipients and 96% (95% CI: 93% to 98%) for 3-dose recipients. When Omicron predominated, VE was 21% (95% CI: -6% to 41%) among 2-dose recipients and 62% (95% CI: 48% to 72%) among 3-dose recipients. Conclusions: In this adult population, 3 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine doses provided substantial protection against symptomatic illness in outpatient settings when the Omicron variant became the predominant cause of COVID-19 in the U.S. These findings support the recommendation for a 3rd mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose.

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Systematic Testing for Influenza and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among Patients With Respiratory Illness

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Characterizing COVID-19 and Influenza Illnesses in the Real World via Person-Generated Health Data

Characterizing COVID-19 and Influenza Illnesses in the Real World via Person-Generated Health Data

Effectiveness of two and three mRNA COVID‐19 vaccine doses against Omicron‐ and Delta‐Related outpatient illness among adults, October 2021–February 2022

Effectiveness of 2 and 3 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Doses against Omicron and Delta-Related Outpatient Illness among Adults, October 2021 – February 2022

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