Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae)

Coddington, Jonathan A.; Levi, Herbert W.

doi:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025

Cited by 636 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In the field, it is common for jumping spiders to prey on other spiders and jumping spiders. As jumping spiders are among the most abundant spiders [8,53] and ants are the most dominant insects in the tropical and subtropical areas [2], the interactions among jumping spiders, their spider prey and ants should be quite common. Under the strong predation pressure of large jumping spiders, any mutations that result in ant-like appearance should be favoured by selection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salticid predation as one potential driving force of ant mimicry in jumping spiders

Huang

Cheng

et al. 2010

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Many spiders possess myrmecomorphy, and species of the jumping spider genus Myrmarachne exhibit nearly perfect ant mimicry. Most salticids are diurnal predators with unusually high visual acuity that prey on various arthropods, including conspecifics. In this study, we tested whether predation pressure from large jumping spiders is one possible driving force of perfect ant mimicry in jumping spiders. The results showed that small non-ant-mimicking jumping spiders were readily treated as prey by large ones (no matter whether heterospecific or conspecific) and suffered high attack and mortality rates. The size difference between small and large jumping spiders significantly affected the outcomes of predatory interactions between them: the smaller the juvenile jumping spiders, the higher the predation risk from large ones. The attack and mortality rates of ant-mimicking jumping spiders were significantly lower than those of non-ant-mimicking jumping spiders, indicating that a resemblance to ants could provide protection against salticid predation. However, results of multivariate behavioural analyses showed that the responses of large jumping spiders to ants and ant-mimicking salticids differed significantly. Results of this study indicate that predation pressure from large jumping spiders might be one selection force driving the evolution of nearly perfect myrmecomorphy in spiders and other arthropods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salticid predation as one potential driving force of ant mimicry in jumping spiders

Huang

Cheng

et al. 2010

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Studies of genitalia have also provided a rich source of phylogenetic information for reconstructing evolutionary relationships (e.g., Á lvarez-Padilla 2007; Agnarsson 2004;Coddington 1986Coddington , 1990Coddington , 2005Coddington and Levi 1991;Hormiga 1994Hormiga , 2000Hormiga and Scharff 2005;Griswold et al 1998Griswold et al , 2005Kuntner et al 2008;Miller and Hormiga 2004). However, in contrast with male palpal morphology, which has played a critical role in phylogenetic studies and often dominates character data matrices, very limited detailed information on female genitalia is available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Internally a pair of sclerotized sacs, the spermathecae, serves as sperm storage organs. There are two pairs of internal ducts connecting to the spermathecae: one pair of copulatory ducts, connecting the spermathecae to the copulatory openings which are located on the epigynal plate, and one pair of fertilization ducts which connect the spermathecae to the uterus externus (Forster 1980;Sierwald 1989;Coddington and Levi 1991;Foelix 1996, Griswold et al 2005Millidge 1984Millidge , 1993Uhl 2000;Wanless 1973;Berendonck and Greven 2005). The extraordinary anatomical diversity of epigyna in entelegynes rests on elaborations of this basic architecture, both externally and internally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The female genitalic morphology of “micronetine” spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Hormiga

2009

Genetica

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Current knowledge of ''micronetine'' female genitalia is almost exclusively based on transmitted light microscopy data. As such, our understanding of the epigynal anatomy is incomplete and somewhat misleading, to the extent that it hinders comparative studies of linyphiid diversity. We used scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) to study the complex epigynal morphology of ''micronetine'' spiders. Enzymatic digestion of soft tissues allowed us to examine the internal chitinized structures in detail using SEM. A taxonomic sample of nine species was selected to represent the morphological genitalic diversity of female ''micronetines'' (including one member of the Erigoninae clade). Results reveal that the epigynum consists of a pair of grooves formed by integument folds (copulatory and fertilization grooves). The protruding epigynal region is divided into a ventral and a dorsal plate by the grooves; both plates can be modified to form an epigynal cavity and/or a scape. Our observations confirm the widespread occurrence of epigynal grooves, rather than ducts, in ''micronetines''. Epigynal grooves seem to be common in linyphioids and other spider groups.

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“…Calcula-se que 60 a 70% do material sul-americano depositado em coleções, seja constituído de espécies novas (Coddington & Levi 1991).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Diversidade de aranhas (Arachnida, Araneae) de solo na bacia do reservatório do Guarapiranga, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

et al. 2005

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An inventory of the litter spider fauna was conducted in two areas of the Guarapiranga reservoir, São Paulo, SP: Parque dos Eucaliptos Island and Jardim Ângela, on the mainland. A comparison of the spider richness, abundance and composition between each area is made. Secondary Atlantic Forest is the main vegetation in both areas, although most of the Island is composed of Eucalyptus trees. Samplings with pitfall-traps were carried out every three months over a year. On the mainland, 1852 spiders were collected, of which 1423 adults, distributed in 21 families and 62 morphospecies. On the Parque dos Eucaliptos Island, 1119 spiders were collected, of which 748 were adults distributed in 18 families and 50 morphospecies. Of these, 26 morphospecies, belonging to 12 families, were common to both areas. The most abundant species was Brattia castanea Millidge, 1991 (Linyphidae) with 554 specimens. The family that presented the highest number of species was Theridiidae, with 18 species. Richness estimates were carried out using EstimateS 5.0. Bootstrap estimators yielded the lowest richness estimates for both mainland and island, with 73 and 58 species respectively. Chao2 presented the highest estimate for the mainland, with 135 species, while Jack 2 presented the highest estimate for the island, with 76 species.Key words: spiders, biodiversity, pitfall-traps, estimating of richness, Atlantic Forest. . ResumoUm inventário da fauna de aranhas de serapilheira foi realizado em duas áreas no Reservatório do Guarapiranga, na Ilha Parque dos Eucaliptos e no Jardim Ângela (continente), São Paulo, SP. Comparou-se as duas áreas em relação à composição, riqueza e abundância. Nos dois locais a vegetação é de Mata Atlântica secundária, sendo que a maior parte da ilha é composta de eucaliptos. As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente utilizando armadilhas de solo, durante um ano. Foram coletadas 1852 aranhas no continente, das quais 1423 adultas, pertencentes a 21 famílias e distribuídas em 62 morfoespécies. Na Ilha Parque dos Eucaliptos, foram coletadas 1119 aranhas das quais 748 adultas e 50 espécies distribuídas em 18 famílias. Destas, 26 morfoespécies, de 12 famílias, foram comuns às duas áreas. A espécie mais abundante foi Brattia castanea Millidge, 1991 (Linyphiidae)

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Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae)

Cited by 636 publications

References 42 publications

Salticid predation as one potential driving force of ant mimicry in jumping spiders

Salticid predation as one potential driving force of ant mimicry in jumping spiders

The female genitalic morphology of “micronetine” spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Diversidade de aranhas (Arachnida, Araneae) de solo na bacia do reservatório do Guarapiranga, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

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