Systematics of the Neotropical butterfly genus Paryphthimoides Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), with descriptions of seven new taxa

Abstract

A systematic revision of Paryphthimoides, a satyrine genus widely distributed in Central and South America, is presented based on an integrative approach. Molecular phylogeny inferred using multiple methods with nuclear (GAPDH, RpS5) and mitochondrial (COI) genes indicates that Paryphthimoides, as currently circumscribed, is polyphyletic. A new taxonomic arrangement is proposed reflecting the monophyly based on molecular and morphological evidence. Paryphthimoides now comprises 14 taxa, namely: P. poltys poltys (Prittwitz, 1865), P. poltys numilia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) stat. nov., P. vestigiata (Butler, 1867), P. fridae Zacca, Casagrande, Huertas & Nakahara sp. nov., P. jorupe Zacca, Casagrande, Checa & Willmott sp. nov., P. terrestris terrestris (Butler, 1867) comb. nov., P. terrestris muyrakytan Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke ssp. nov., P. terrestris araguaianus Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke ssp. nov., P. terrestris grevei Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke ssp. nov., P. touloulou (Benmesbah, 2015) comb. nov., P. brixius brixius (Godart, [1824]) comb. nov., P. brixius madre Zacca, Mielke, Casagrande & Lamas ssp. nov., P. brixius rouranensis Brévignon ssp. nov. and P. flavofascia (Zacca & Siewert, 2014) comb. nov. Euptychia zeredatha Butler, 1869 and P. bahneri Anken, 1994 are new synonyms of P. p. poltys, and Euptychia binalinea Butler, 1867 and E. poltys bahiana Bryk, 1953 are new synonyms of P. poltys numilia. Lectotypes are designated for Euptychia zeredatha, Neonympha numilia, Euptychia vestigiata, Euptychia terrestris and Euptychia brixiola, Butler, 1867 and a neotype is designated for Satyrus brixius. In addition, female morphology is described for the first time for all available species, and biological data and distributional maps are provided for all species. Last instar and pupae of Paryphthimoides p. poltys are also described.

Marked Differences in Butterfly Assemblage Composition between Forest Types in Central Amazonia, Brazil

“…Butterflies were identified to species and subspecies level using online guides (e.g., www.butterfliesofamerica.com, www.neotropicalbutterflies.com) and the taxonomic literature [51][52][53][54][55]. We used taxonomic references to confirm the current taxonomy of cryptic butterflies [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] and all butterfly identifications were verified by an expert…”

“…Butterflies were identified to species and subspecies level using online guides (e.g., www.butterfliesofamerica.com, www.neotropicalbutterflies.com) and the taxonomic literature [51][52][53][54][55]. We used taxonomic references to confirm the current taxonomy of cryptic butterflies [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] and all butterfly identifications were verified by an expert taxonomist. All collected butterflies were deposited in the Entomological Collection of the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) and some individuals of the most abundant species were also deposited in the Zoological Collection of the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM) and at the National Museum (UFRJ).…”

Description of Emeryus Zacca, Mielke & Casagrande gen. nov. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) to accommodate three species formerly placed in Paryphthimoides Forster, 1964

“…A detailed study by Zacca et al . (2020) on the systematics of the genus Paryphthimoides Forster 1964 using data from morphology, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and geographic distribution has demonstrated that the genus, as previously circumscribed by Lamas (2004) is polyphyletic. As result, a new taxonomic arrangement was proposed, which excluded nine species from Paryphthimoides .…”

Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)

“…were placed in Magneuptychia (Benmesbah et al, 2018;Lamas, 2004). As discussed by Zacca, Casagrande, et al (2018), most species placed in Cissia prior to that paper were presumably considered to be related because of their possession of a yellowish patch on the VFW, but that character is clearly homoplasious, and the Cissia of Lamas (2004)…”

“…In recognition of these problems, the last 15 years have seen an explosion of interest in the group, including generic revisions (e.g. Freitas & Peña, 2006; Nakahara, Lamas, et al, 2019; Nakahara, Rodríguez‐Melgarejo, et al, 2022; Nakahara, Zacca, et al, 2018, 2019; Peña & Lamas, 2005; Willmott et al, 2019; Zacca et al, 2013; Zacca, Casagrande, et al, 2018; Zacca, Casagrande, Mielke, Huertas, Barbosa, Freitas, et al, 2020; Zacca, Casagrande, Mielke, Huertas, Espeland, Freitas, et al, 2020; Zacca, Paluch, et al, 2017), descriptions of life histories (e.g. Baine et al, 2019; Corahua‐Espinoza et al, 2023; Corahua‐Espinoza, Nakahara, Kabir, et al, 2022; Corahua‐Espinoza, Nakahara, Shellman, et al, 2022; Cosmo et al, 2014; Freitas, 2004, 2017, 2022; Freitas, Barbosa, & Carreira, 2021; Freitas, Barbosa, & Marín, 2016; Freitas, Carreira, Santos, & Barbosa, 2016; Freitas, Mota, Barbosa, & Carreira, 2019; Freitas, Rosa, et al, 2018; Freitas, Rosa, & Kaminski, 2021; Hurtado et al, 2021; Kaminski & Freitas, 2008; Nakahara, Hoffman, et al, 2020; See et al, 2018; Tejeira et al, 2021), and papers addressing the higher level phylogenetic relationships, using both morphology (Marín et al, 2017) and molecular (Espeland et al, 2019a; Murray & Prowell, 2005; Peña et al, 2010) datasets.…”