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InteroperabilityCapability to interoperate in a shared work practice using information infrastructures -studies in ePrescribing Columbo AbstractThe ability to interoperate between systems, people, and organizations is considered an important issue within eHealth in order to deliver patient centered care. The achieving and improving of interoperability is a complex undertaking involving the evolution of an information infrastructure, sharing of knowledge and resources, governance of the interoperation between organizations, people and work practices, and handling of economic and legal matters. However, there is a weak scientific basis for interoperability, and proposed initiatives to improve interoperability largely lacks empirical evidence of their utility.This thesis contributes with practical knowledge on improving interoperability, based on active participation in and empirical studies of improving interoperability in ePrescribing. A case study is presented that describes and analyzes the evolution of ePrescribing in Sweden since the early pioneering years in 1980s, its growth and consolidation before the reregulation of the pharmacy market in 2009. The case study shows the importance of cooperation between the stakeholders for the growth and consolidation of ePrescribing, and identifies important events in the evolution of an advanced information infrastructure. To better understand the complexity of ePrescribing work practice, a practical theory on ePrescribing was developed. A unique field experimental study measuring improvement of interoperability in ePrescribing, before and after a major intervention to improve the quality of ePrescriptions between 2004 and 2009 is presented. The findings from the field experimental study showed that collective efforts to clarify and align the shared ePrescribing work practice and the ePrescription message contributed to substantially improve interoperability in ePrescribing.Based on the findings and knowledge gathered in the situational inquiry into the evolution of ePrescribing in Sweden, the improvement of interoperability, and the application of theories about information systems actability, communication and organizational theories, a practical theory on interoperation and interoperability aiming both towards the practice and research community is presented. Interoperability is seen as the exercised capability of organizations through their agents to interoperate in a shared work practice in an effective, efficient, and satisfactory manner based on a common ground in a mediated, prescriptive, and nonpersonal communicative setting using an information infrastructure for mediating interoperation. The plausibility that the theory of interoperation and interoperability grounded in ePrescribing is generalizable to eHealth is analyzed. ForewordInformation Systems Development (ISD) is a research discipline within the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Linköping University (LiU), Linköping Sweden. ISD is a discipline studying human work with developing and changing different...
InteroperabilityCapability to interoperate in a shared work practice using information infrastructures -studies in ePrescribing Columbo AbstractThe ability to interoperate between systems, people, and organizations is considered an important issue within eHealth in order to deliver patient centered care. The achieving and improving of interoperability is a complex undertaking involving the evolution of an information infrastructure, sharing of knowledge and resources, governance of the interoperation between organizations, people and work practices, and handling of economic and legal matters. However, there is a weak scientific basis for interoperability, and proposed initiatives to improve interoperability largely lacks empirical evidence of their utility.This thesis contributes with practical knowledge on improving interoperability, based on active participation in and empirical studies of improving interoperability in ePrescribing. A case study is presented that describes and analyzes the evolution of ePrescribing in Sweden since the early pioneering years in 1980s, its growth and consolidation before the reregulation of the pharmacy market in 2009. The case study shows the importance of cooperation between the stakeholders for the growth and consolidation of ePrescribing, and identifies important events in the evolution of an advanced information infrastructure. To better understand the complexity of ePrescribing work practice, a practical theory on ePrescribing was developed. A unique field experimental study measuring improvement of interoperability in ePrescribing, before and after a major intervention to improve the quality of ePrescriptions between 2004 and 2009 is presented. The findings from the field experimental study showed that collective efforts to clarify and align the shared ePrescribing work practice and the ePrescription message contributed to substantially improve interoperability in ePrescribing.Based on the findings and knowledge gathered in the situational inquiry into the evolution of ePrescribing in Sweden, the improvement of interoperability, and the application of theories about information systems actability, communication and organizational theories, a practical theory on interoperation and interoperability aiming both towards the practice and research community is presented. Interoperability is seen as the exercised capability of organizations through their agents to interoperate in a shared work practice in an effective, efficient, and satisfactory manner based on a common ground in a mediated, prescriptive, and nonpersonal communicative setting using an information infrastructure for mediating interoperation. The plausibility that the theory of interoperation and interoperability grounded in ePrescribing is generalizable to eHealth is analyzed. ForewordInformation Systems Development (ISD) is a research discipline within the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Linköping University (LiU), Linköping Sweden. ISD is a discipline studying human work with developing and changing different...
Science and technology are the primary drivers of the nations' economies. Advanced technologies play an irreplaceable role in modern societies, industrial enterprises and public services. Advanced science and technologies make it possible to integrate number of simple systems into a large-scale complex system, where the behaviours of system components must be highly coordinated and collaborated to achieve optimized system performance of integrated systems. The perquisites of system coordination and collaboration are interoperability and standardization of system components. To meet these requirements, it is of great significance to clarify the interaction mechanism between technology standardization and technology development. In this paper, the characteristics of technology standardization and technology development at different stages are analysed; the synergistic relations between these two factors are elaborated with the consideration of external driving forces. Moreover, the electromagnetic field theory is applied to analogize the interactions and develop a new model for the representation of the dynamic mechanisms of technology standardization and technology development. The reasonableness of the analog of the interactions by the electromagnetic field has been illustrated through theoretical analysis and case studies. Finally, the directions of the study on technology standardization and technology development are discussed.Taking the electronic industry as an example, Li and Zedtowitz (2005) investigated three major Syst. Res 278Hong Jiang et al. Analogizing Technology StandardizationThe dynamic process of technology standardization is divided into the periods of prestandardization and post-standardization; the changes of an electric field in these two periods are different. The electric-field strength E is the Syst. Res
Industrie 4.0, also called Industry 4.0, represents the current trend of manufacturing industry characterized by high level of automation, industrial integration, and industrial information integration. It mainly includes enabling technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cyber‐physical systems (CPS), cloud computing, industrial integration, industrial information integration, and other technologies. Systems science has been emerged and well developed since the second half of the twentieth century. From 1940s until now, systems science has been called systems science, systems engineering, systems theory, cybernetics, systems analysis, systems methodology, systems approach, and systems thinking. Since its emergence, a wealth of research has produced an astonishing array of theoretical results and empirical insights, and a large suite of methods and techniques. Systems science has been continuously, widely, and successfully applied to many subjects in natural science and social sciences. This paper aims at discussing the potential contribution of systems science to Industry 4.0. As we approach the era of Fourth Industrial Revolution, this paper points out that systems science is a necessity to deal with the overwhelming systems complexity in Industry 4.0 and the surrounding industrial ecosystem.
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