“…Thus, several authors 1,3,17 , in an extensive review of the subject, argue that the plant defence system contains a combination of physical and biochemical changes 11,18 , the former including lignification, cell wall hardening, papilla formation, the latter comprising oxidative burst, accumulation of phytoalexins and activation of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) such as chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases and peroxidases 1,18,19 . Activation of defence responses can be achieved by treatment with biotic agents 20 , avirulent forms of pathogens, incompatible strains, in certain circumstances by virulent forms of pathogens, essential oils 17 , plant extracts, fungi 21 , bacteria 18,22 , viruses 23 , abiotic agents 24,25 and others 26 .…”