Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR): Role and Mechanism of Action Against Phytopathogens

Kamle, Madhu; Borah, Rituraj; Bora, Himashree; Jaiswal, Amit K.; Singh, Ravi Kant; Kumar, Pradeep

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_20

Cited by 73 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…According to the signaling pathway which promotes the expression of defenses, induced resistance can be divided into resistance induced by non-pathogenic microorganisms and biotrophic pathogens which have salicylic acid (SA) as the main signaling agent, mainly expressing PR-proteins, and designated as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The resistance induced by rhizospheric growth-promoting microorganisms or necrotrophic pathogens, known as induced systemic resistance (ISR), has jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) as the main signaling agents, independent of SA [121][122][123][124]. This is a generalization, since there are already reports where the pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust, supposedly modulates the expression of target genes when penetrating the host tissue, activating the JA pathway and inhibiting the defense mediated by SA [125].…”

Section: Induced Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Endophytic Fungi: Biological Control and Induced Resistance to Phytopathogens and Abiotic Stresses

et al. 2021

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Plant diseases cause losses of approximately 16% globally. Thus, management measures must be implemented to mitigate losses and guarantee food production. In addition to traditional management measures, induced resistance and biological control have gained ground in agriculture due to their enormous potential. Endophytic fungi internally colonize plant tissues and have the potential to act as control agents, such as biological agents or elicitors in the process of induced resistance and in attenuating abiotic stresses. In this review, we list the mode of action of this group of microorganisms which can act in controlling plant diseases and describe several examples in which endophytes were able to reduce the damage caused by pathogens and adverse conditions. This is due to their arsenal of molecules generated during the interaction by which they form a kind of biological shield in the plant. Furthermore, considering that endophytic fungi can be an important tool in managing for biotic and abiotic stresses due to the large amount of biologically active substances produced, bioprospecting this class of microorganisms is tending to increase and generate valuable products for agriculture.

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Section: Induced Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Endophytic Fungi: Biological Control and Induced Resistance to Phytopathogens and Abiotic Stresses

et al. 2021

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“…There are two main reported types of induced resistance: systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR). Both provide long-lasting resistance against plant pathogens but differ in the signaling molecules and pathways that result in such an increased state of alertness [58]. As such, the induction of SAR is usually activated by pathogen infection and requires the signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) to accumulate pathogenesis-related proteins [59].…”

Section: Combinations Of Fungicides With Biological Inducers Of Resismentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining Biocontrol Agents with Chemical Fungicides for Integrated Plant Fungal Disease Control

et al. 2020

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Feeding a rising population of currently 7.8 billion people globally requires efficient agriculture, which is preferably sustainable. Today, farmers are largely dependent on synthetic fungicides to avoid food losses caused by fungal diseases. However, the extensive use of these has resulted in the emergence of fungicide-resistant pathogens and concerns have been raised over the residual effects on the environment and human health. In this regard, biocontrol agents (BCAs) have been proposed as an alternative to standard fungicides but their disease management capacity is usually incomplete and heavily relies on uncontrollable environmental conditions. An integrated approach combining BCAs with fungicides, which is the focus of this review, is put forward as a way to reduce the fungicide doses to manage plant diseases and thereby their residue on harvested crops. In addition, such a strategy of combining antifungal treatments with different modes of action reduces the selection pressure on pathogens and thereby the chances of resistance development. However, to allow its large-scale implementation, further knowledge is needed, comprising timing, number and interval of repeated BCA applications and their compatibility with fungicides. The compatibility of BCAs with fungicides might differ when applied in a mixture or when used in alternation.

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“…Some studies have suggested that NPR1 may also be required for the ISR triggered by certain rhizospheric microbes [ 106 , 108 ]. Some studies also suggest that ISR is required for SA accumulation in plants [ 109 , 110 , 111 ]. ISR eliciting rhizospheric microbes activate plant defense responses which are often effective against a broad spectrum of plant pathogens [ 112 ] which could be an avenue to increase native plants fitness.…”

Section: Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Path Forward: Promoting Microbial-Based Methods in the Control of Invasive Plant Species

Shahrtash

Brown

2021

Plants

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In this review, we discuss the unrealized potential of incorporating plant–microbe and microbe–microbe interactions into invasive plant management strategies. While the development of this as a viable strategy is in its infancy, we argue that incorporation of microbial components into management plans should be a priority and has great potential for diversifying sustainable control options. We advocate for increased research into microbial-mediated phytochemical production, microbial controls to reduce the competitiveness of invasive plants, microbial-mediated increases of herbicidal tolerance of native plants, and to facilitate increased pathogenicity of plant pathogens of invasive plants.

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Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR): Role and Mechanism of Action Against Phytopathogens

Cited by 73 publications

References 71 publications

Endophytic Fungi: Biological Control and Induced Resistance to Phytopathogens and Abiotic Stresses

Endophytic Fungi: Biological Control and Induced Resistance to Phytopathogens and Abiotic Stresses

Combining Biocontrol Agents with Chemical Fungicides for Integrated Plant Fungal Disease Control

A Path Forward: Promoting Microbial-Based Methods in the Control of Invasive Plant Species

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