Systemic effects of the hormonal treatment of male hypogonadism with preliminary indications for the management of COVID-19 patients

Abstract

Male hypogonadism, defined as an inadequate production of testosterone (T), is associated with a greater morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological studies identified T deficiency as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Also, low serum T levels impact on glucose homeostasis through a worse glucose uptake, utilization, and disposal, and the general negative impact on metabolism. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and updated overview of the effects of T replacement therapy on metabolic and cardiovascular systems and prostate tissue in patients with hypogonadism, including molecular mechanisms through which T exerts its actions. Furthermore, recent findings on novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemiology have shown a greater mortality in male compared with female patients and a role of T in promoting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection of the host cells has been demonstrated. Hence, the secondary aim of this review is to provide preliminary indications on the management in patients with COVID-19.

Effect of Chronic Heart Failure Complicated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Cognitive Function in the Elderly

“…Some clinical data also show that there is serious cognitive impairment in senile CHF itself, and diabetes is the main factor in the development of CHF, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is especially common in CHF patients with CI [11][12][13]. e mortality caused by the combination of the two is higher than that in nondiabetic patients, which further aggravates the cognitive impairment, increases the hospitalization rate and mortality, and the quality of life of patients is seriously affected [14,15].…”

Endocrine Management of Transgender Adults: A Clinical Approach

“…While various studies have reported effects of sex hormones (e.g., estrogens, progesterone, androgens) on COVID-19 in cisgender people, no evidence is available at present in transgender individuals because of the exclusion of the transgender community from COVID-19 demographics data, research studies, and public health surveillance systems [71]. It has been shown that cisgender males are affected by COVID-19 more than women [72] and they more frequently need hospitalization. In light of this epidemiologic data, scientists have hypothesized that androgens could somehow influence disease progression [73].…”

Auswirkungen von COVID-19 auf die männliche Fertilität

“…Besonderes Augenmerk muss auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Testosteron und dem Verlauf von COVID-19 gerichtet werden [24]. Die Mortalität von Männern bei dieser Infektion ist größer als bei Frauen [25]. Möglicherweise ist dies darauf zurückzuführen, dass die an der Infektion der Pneumozyten beteiligten ACE-2-Rezeptoren und die transmembrane Serinprotease 2 beziehungsweise deren Funktionen unter dem Einfluss von Androgenen stehen [26].…”