Systemic Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Activation in Clinically Healthy Children Exposed to Air Pollutants

Calderón‐Garcidueñas, Lilian; Villarreal-Calderón, Rafael; Valencia-Salazar, Gildardo; Henríquez-Roldán, Carlos; Gutiérrez‐Castrellón, Pedro; Torres‐Jardón, Ricardo; Osnaya-Brizuela, Norma; Romero, Lina; Solt, Anna C.; Reed, William

doi:10.1080/08958370701864797

Cited by 187 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Over the last 20 years, exposure to fossil fuel combustion has attracted significant medical interest. Many studies have demonstrated that current levels of air pollutants contribute to cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality in adults and children (2,3,(12)(13)(14). We have analyzed air pollutant measurements in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area over the last 30 years, and observed that pollutant levels recorded at each station were highly correlated with one another.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In large cities, these small particles are the most harmful to human health, as they can induce pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress, which in turn may stimulate specific transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kB, activator protein 1, chemokines, and other serum proinflammatory mediators (12). Some studies have demonstrated that exposure to high concentrations of pollutants is associated with an increased level of serum inflammatory markers in children (13,14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to Air Pollutants and Disease Activity in Juvenile‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

Fernandes

Silva

Braga

et al. 2015

Arthritis Care & Research

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Objective. To investigate the association between exposure to air pollutants in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area and disease activity in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Methods. A longitudinal panel study based on 409 consecutive visits of juvenile-onset SLE patients living in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area was carried out. Disease activity was evaluated in accordance with the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K), and the patients were divided into 2 groups: those with SLEDAI scores £8 and those with SLEDAI scores >8. Daily concentrations of inhaled particulate matter (PM 10 ), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone, and carbon monoxide (CO) were evaluated on the 21 days preceding the medical visits. A generalized estimation equation model was used to assess the impact of these measurements on SLEDAI-2K scores, considering the fixed effects for repetitive measurements. The models were adjusted for erythrocyte sedimentation rate, corticosteroid use (daily and cumulative doses), antimalarial use, the use of immunosuppressive agents, the presence of infection 20 days preceding the medical appointment, and the minimum temperature and relative humidity outdoors. Results. PM 10 , NO 2 , and CO were risk factors for juvenile-onset SLE disease activity (SLEDAI-2K score >8) approximately 2 weeks after exposure. A 13.4 mg/m 3 increase in the PM 10 moving average (from lag 12 to lag 15) was associated with a 34% increase (95% confidence interval 7.0-68.0) in the risk of a SLEDAI-2K score >8. Conclusion. This is the first study to show that exposure to inhaled pollutants may increase the risk of disease activity in children with juvenile-onset SLE in a large urban center.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Air Pollutants and Disease Activity in Juvenile‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

Fernandes

Silva

Braga

et al. 2015

Arthritis Care & Research

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“…Siddique et al (2011) compared children living in the New Delhi (India) urban area with children living in rural areas and showed that ADHD was positively correlated with current PM 10 levels. Air pollutants may induce systematic inflammation, which could be a possible mechanism mediating these effects (Block & Calderon-Garciduenas, 2009;Calderon-Garciduenas et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Air Pollution From Traffic and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Swedish Twins

et al. 2014

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Background: Recent studies have reported associations between air pollution exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders in children, but the role of pre-and postnatal exposure has not been elucidated. Aim: We aimed to explore the risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children in relation to pre-and postnatal exposure to air pollution from road traffic. Methods: Parents of 3,426 twins born in Stockholm during 1992-2000 were interviewed, when their children were 9 or 12 years old, for symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders. Residence time-weighted concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter <10 m (PM 10 ) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) from road traffic were estimated at participants' addresses during pregnancy, the first year, and the ninth year of life using dispersion modeling, controlling for seasonal variation. Multivariate regression models were used to examine the association between air pollution exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results: No clear or consistent associations were found between air pollution exposure during any of the three time windows and any of the neurodevelopmental outcomes. For example, a 5-95% difference in exposure to NO x during pregnancy was associated with odds ratios (ORs) of 0.92 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44-1.96) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.58-1.40) for ASD and ADHD respectively. A corresponding range in exposure to PM 10 during pregnancy was related to ORs of 1.01 (95% CI: 0.52-1.96) and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.68-1.47) for ASD and ADHD. Conclusions: Our data do not provide support for an association between pre-or postnatal exposure to air pollution from road traffic and neurodevelopmental disorders in children.

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“…Other potential explanations are that the urban children were more frequently exposed to ambient air pollution including fine particles. This may have led to systemic increases in inflammatory mediators [35,36] and, in turn, to an increase in insulin resistance and the metabolic risk score. However, as our results are new and raise several new research questions, they should first be replicated in a further study focusing on the different aspects of the neighbourhood environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, low physical activity and an urban environment are independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk in children

et al. 2008

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Aims/hypothesis To assist in the development of preventive strategies, we studied whether the neighbourhood environment or modifiable behavioural parameters, including cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA), are independently associated with obesity and metabolic risk markers in children. Methods We carried out a cross-sectional analysis of 502 randomly selected first and fifth grade urban and rural Swiss schoolchildren with regard to CRF, PA and the neighbourhood (rural vs urban) environment. Outcome measures included BMI, sum of four skinfold thicknesses, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and a standardised clustered metabolic risk score. Results CRF and PA (especially total PA, but also the time spent engaged in light and in moderate and vigorous intensity PA) were inversely associated with measures of obesity, HOMA-IR and the metabolic risk score, independently of each other, and of sociodemographic and nutritional parameters, media use, sleep duration, BMI and the neighbourhood environment (all p<0.05). Children living in a rural environment were more physically active and had higher CRF values and reduced HOMA-IR and metabolic risk scores compared with children living in an urban environment (all p<0.05). These differences in cardiovascular risk factors persisted after adjustment for CRF, total PA and BMI. Conclusions/interpretation Reduced CRF, low PA and an urban environment are independently associated with an increase in metabolic risk markers in children.

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Systemic Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Activation in Clinically Healthy Children Exposed to Air Pollutants

Cited by 187 publications

References 54 publications

Exposure to Air Pollutants and Disease Activity in Juvenile‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

Exposure to Air Pollutants and Disease Activity in Juvenile‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

Exposure to Air Pollution From Traffic and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Swedish Twins

Reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, low physical activity and an urban environment are independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk in children

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