Systemic lupus erythematosus in an African Caribbean population: Incidence, clinical manifestations, and survival in the Barbados National Lupus Registry

Childhood lupus nephritis: 12 years of experience from a developing country’s perspective

“…Septicemia occurring on a background of ESRD or otherwise was the commonest cause of death (75%). Other previous Indian studies and studies from other developing countries (Table 4) have also reported a similar trend wherein most children with lupus nephritis succumbed to serious infections (11,18,(31)(32)(33)(34).…”

Multisystemic diseases and ethnicity: a focus on lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, sarcoidosis and Behçet disease

“…3 Studies have also demonstrated that the prognosis of SLE is worse in nonwhite persons, in whom there is a younger age at onset of their disease, as well as a higher frequency of severe renal disease. [1][2][3][4][5] These observations may be due to 'protective factors' associated with European ancestry or may indicate the presence of specific risk factors associated with other ethnic groups. Based on these aforementioned findings, it may be argued that persons of non-European ancestry diagnosed with SLE should be more closely monitored.…”

“…Based on these aforementioned findings, it may be argued that persons of non-European ancestry diagnosed with SLE should be more closely monitored. 4,5 Caution should be excised with this approach given that all affected individuals do still have the risk of developing severe complications of their disease. There are other phenotypic characteristics that may vary in relation to ethnicity.…”

Introduction and Physiology of Lupus

“…Many studies (epidemiological) have found that Caucasians have a twofold to threefold lower incidence and prevalence rates than Asians [72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79]. Moreover, it was found in many studies that Asians had more severe symptoms and signs of the disease, more aggressive kidney involvements, and the autoantibody positivity was also higher in Asians than in non-Asians [76,[79][80][81][82][83].…”

“…Moreover, it was found in many studies that Asians had more severe symptoms and signs of the disease, more aggressive kidney involvements, and the autoantibody positivity was also higher in Asians than in non-Asians [76,[79][80][81][82][83].…”