Systems Biology Integration and Screening of Reliable Prognostic Markers to Create Synergies in the Control of Lung Cancer Patients

Abstract

This study aims to achieve a clearer and stronger understanding of all the mechanisms involved in the occurrence as well as in the progression of lung cancer along with discovering trustworthy prognostic markers. We combined four gene expression profiles (GSE19188, GSE19804, GSE101929, and GSE18842) from the GEO database and screened the commonly differentially expressed genes (CDEGs). We performed differentially expressed group analysis on CDEGs, alteration and mutational analysis, and expression level verification of core differential genes. Systems biology discoveries in our examination are predictable with past reports. Curiously, our examination revealed that screened biomarker adjustments, for the most part, coexist in lung cancer. After screening 952 CDEGs, we found that the up-regulation of neuromedin U (NMU) and GTSE1 in the case of lung cancer is related to poor prognosis. On the other hand, FOS CDKN1C expression is associated with poor prognosis and is responsible for the down-regulation of CDKN1C and FOS. Changes in these qualities are on free pathways to lung cancer and are not usually of combined quality variety. Even though biomarkers were related to both survival occasions in our examination, it gives us another point of view while playing out the investigation of hereditary changes and clinical highlights employing information mining. Based on our results, we found potential and prospective clinical applications in GTSE1, NMU, FOS, and CDKN1C to act as prognostic markers in case of lung cancer.

Neuromedin U induces an invasive phenotype in CRC cells expressing the NMUR2 receptor

“…There is a broad spectrum of NMU engagement in cancer, as recently reviewed by our group [ 6 ]. A substantial proportion of these findings suggests a critical contribution of NMU to cancer growth and supports the hypothesis that NMU is a marker of poor prognosis and short patient survival [ 7 , 26 , 28 – 31 ]. Other reports have correlated significant shifts in peptide expression under metastatic conditions with a possible contribution of NMU not only to cancer development and growth but also to cancer progression [ 26 , 28 – 30 , 32 ].…”

Clinical Applications and Anticancer Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides: From Bench to Bedside

“…The 5-year survival rate for NSCLC patients, especially at advanced stages III and IV, is about 15-20% (www.cancer.net). Similar to other cancers, the therapeutic strategies consist of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and palliative therapy (150,151).…”

“…In addition to experimental approaches, computational and bioinformatics strategies play an essential role in peptide design and cancer therapeutics. Various challenges of practical techniques, such as experimental manpower, time, and environmental and safety issues, can be partially addressed by computational methods ( 151 ). In the context of AMP design, advanced rational design strategies have been used in combination with computational approaches to develop more robust and economical AMPs.…”

NMU Is a Poor Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma

“…Neuromedin U (NMU) neuropeptide is expressed in numerous organs and tissues and plays diverse physiological and pathophysiological roles including contraction of smooth muscles, the balance of energy, and tumorigenesis [12]. Recent studies have implicated NMU as a key gene in the prediction of disease status and prognosis in cancers [13][14][15]. However, the role of NMU in LUAD remains elusive.…”