T Cell Antigen Recognition and Discrimination by Electrochemiluminescence Imaging

Abstract

Adoptive T lymphocyte (T cell) transfer and tumour‐specific peptide vaccines are innovative cancer therapies. An accurate assessment of the specific reactivity of T cell receptors (TCRs) to tumour antigens is required because of the high heterogeneity of tumour cells and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. In this study, we report a label‐free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging approach for recognising and discriminating between TCRs and tumour‐specific antigens by imaging the immune synapses of T cells. Various T cell stimuli, including agonistic antibodies, auxiliary molecules, and tumour‐specific antigens, were modified on the electrode's surface to allow for their interaction with T cells bearing different TCRs. The formation of immune synapses activated by specific stimuli produced a negative (shadow) ECL image, from which T cell antigen recognition and discrimination were evaluated by analysing the spreading area and the recognition intensity of T cells. This approach provides an easy way to assess TCR‐antigen specificity and screen both of them for immunotherapies.

Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species over M–N–C Single-Atom Catalysts for Potential-Resolved Electrochemiluminescence

“…Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) refers to a light emission phenomenon, resulting from electrogenerated species that undergo electron transfer reactions to form excited states. − The ECL technique combines the advantages of electrochemistry and chemiluminescence, offering high sensitivity, satisfactory stability, and low cost. − Consequently, it has garnered considerable attention in fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical diagnosis, − bioimaging, − and food safety . However, when it comes to discriminating complex multicomponent samples, constructing multiple sensors or sensor arrays , and obtaining intuitive results is time-consuming and expensive for analysts. , Dual potential-resolved ECL emission presents a solution by simplifying the preparation process and reducing the likelihood of false errors caused by external factors .…”

Dual-Ligand Europium-Organic Gels as a Highly Efficient Anodic Annihilation Electrochemiluminescence Emitter for Ultrasensitive Detection of MicroRNA

“…Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a photoemission process that is produced by the oxidation or reduction of emitters. Because of its characteristics of high sensitivity, controllability, wide linear range, and low background interference, ECL has attracted wide attention in electrocatalysts, imaging , and biosensing. − The existing ECL emitters, including luminol, semiconductor quantum dots, and carbon-based materials, have been widely used in a variety of fields because of excellent conductivity and special electronic structure. However, there exist some shortcomings in the complex synthesis process and the additional consumption of coreactants. − In recent years, metal–organic gels (MOGs) have been widely explored in sensing, catalysis, and adsorption because of their simple synthesis processes, high specific surface areas, and unique porous structures. , Unfortunately, they still exhibit some defects, limiting their application in the ECL field.…”

Insight on Shallow Trap States in Boosting Electrochemiluminescence of Carbon Nitrides

“…It has been successfully commercialized in bioassays for more than 150 clinical biomarkers [6][7][8][9][10] . In general, ECL emitters of high efficiency (ΦECL) play a central role in developing biosensors with superior sensitivity.…”