T Cell Trafficking through Lymphatic Vessels

Abstract

T cell migration within and between peripheral tissues and secondary lymphoid organs is essential for proper functioning of adaptive immunity. While active T cell migration within a tissue is fairly slow, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels (LVs) serve as speedy highways that enable T cells to travel rapidly over long distances. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of T cell migration out of blood vessels have been intensively studied over the past 30 years. By contrast, less is known about T cell trafficking through the lymphatic vasculature. This migratory process occurs in one manner within lymph nodes (LNs), where recirculating T cells continuously exit into efferent lymphatics to return to the blood circulation. In another manner, T cell trafficking through lymphatics also occurs in peripheral tissues, where T cells exit the tissue by means of afferent lymphatics, to migrate to draining LNs and back into blood. In this review, we highlight how the anatomy of the lymphatic vasculature supports T cell trafficking and review current knowledge regarding the molecular and cellular requirements of T cell migration through LVs. Finally, we summarize and discuss recent insights regarding the presumed relevance of T cell trafficking through afferent lymphatics.

Lymphatic vessels interact dynamically with the hair follicle stem cell niche during skin regeneration in vivo

“…LV may also regulate immune cell trafficking to HF areas, although immune privilege areas are normally devoid of LV (Paus et al, 2003). Indeed, it has been recently reported that Foxp3 + T regulatory cells, which traffic through LV (Hunter et al, 2016), localize to HF, and regulate HFSC proliferation (Ali et al, 2017). Perifollicular macrophages have also been shown to contribute to the activation of HFSC through the expression of Wnt ligands (Castellana et al, 2014), and myeloid Wnt ligands regulate the development of LV (Muley et al, 2017).…”

Dynamic interactions of lymphatic vessels at the hair follicle stem cell niche during hair regeneration

“…LV may also regulate immune cell trafficking to HF areas, although immune privilege areas are normally devoid of LV (Paus et al, 2003). Indeed, it has been recently reported that Foxp3 + T regulatory cells, which traffic through LV (Hunter et al, 2016), localize to HF and 15 regulate HFSC proliferation (Ali et al, 2017). Perifollicular macrophages have also been shown to contribute to the activation of HFSC through the expression of Wnt ligands (Castellana et al, 2014), and myeloid Wnt ligands regulate the development of LV (Muley et al, 2017).…”

Exploiting lymphatic vessels for immunomodulation: Rationale, opportunities, and challenges

“…The most well-studied cell types are DCs and T cells, which we will briefly review here. For more extensive reviews we refer the reader to several excellent review articles [28][29][30][31].…”

“…NP-based vaccines were shown to delay the growth of B16-F10 mouse melanomas with enhanced efficacy compared to control free Ag and adjuvant mixtures [150,166]. Guo et al used ~150 nm erythrocyte membrane-enveloped PLGA NPs to simultaneously deliver the human gp100 [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] melanoma peptide and MPLA [148]. The NPs were found to both persist at the skin injection site and be drained to local LNs, indicating a mixed pattern of NP uptake by skin and LN-resident APCs, which is consistent with the >100 nm particle size [148].…”