T maze reversal learning after several different overtraining procedures.

Hill, Winfred F.; Spear, Norman E.; Clayton, Keith N.

doi:10.1037/h0045869

Cited by 38 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These latter authors along with a few others (e.g. Hill et al ) also suggest the possibility of the occurrence of more complex PDFs than those derived here.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

On the evolution of irradiated turbulent clouds: a comparative study between modes of triggered star formation

Anathpindika

Bhatt

2012

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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Gas within molecular clouds (MCs) is turbulent and unevenly distributed. Interstellar shocks such as those driven by strong fluxes of ionizing radiation (IR) profoundly affect MCs. While small dense MCs exposed to a strong flux of IR have been shown to implode due to radiationdriven shocks, a phenomenon called radiation-driven implosion, larger MCs, however, are likely to survive this flux, which, in fact, may produce new star-forming sites within these clouds. Here we examine this hypothesis using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics algorithm coupled with a ray-tracing scheme that calculates the position of the ionization front at each time-step. We present results from simulations performed for three choices of IR flux spanning the range of fluxes emitted by a typical B-type star to a cluster of OB-type stars. The extent of photoablation, of course, depends on the strength of the incident flux and a strong flux of IR severely ablates an MC. Consequently, the first star formation sites appear in the dense shocked layer along the edges of the irradiated cloud. Radiation-induced turbulence readily generates dense filamentary structure within the photoablated cloud although several new starforming sites also appear in some of the densest regions at the junctions of these filaments. Prevalent physical conditions within an MC play a crucial role in determining the mode, i.e. filamentary as compared to isolated pockets, of star formation, the time-scale on which stars form and the distribution of stellar masses. The probability distribution functions derived for irradiated clouds in this study are intriguing due to their resemblance with those presented in a recent census of irradiated MCs. Furthermore, irrespective of the nature of turbulence, the protostellar mass functions(MFs) derived in this study follow a power-law distribution. When turbulence within the cloud is driven by a relatively strong flux of IR such as that emitted by a massive O-type star or a cluster of such stars, the MF approaches the canonical form due to Salpeter and even turns over for protostellar masses smaller than ∼0.2 M .

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“…These latter authors along with a few others (e.g. Hill et al ) also suggest the possibility of the occurrence of more complex PDFs than those derived here.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

On the evolution of irradiated turbulent clouds: a comparative study between modes of triggered star formation

Anathpindika

Bhatt

2012

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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“…The faiIure to find an ORE is consistent with reports by D' Amato and Jagoda ( 1962 ) , D'Arnato andSchiff ( 1962), Erlebacher ( 1963), Hill, Spear, and Clayton ( 1962), Hill and Spear (1963), Clay ton ( 1963a, 1963b, and Paul and Kesner (1963). Analysis of the reversal data in terms of trials to "extinction" of approach responses to the original Sf indicated that the overlearning trials resulted i n greater perseveration of the original response.…”

Section: D~scussio~supporting

confidence: 85%

“…That the conditions under which such facilitation effects occur are not known is attested to by failures to reproduce it ( D 'Amato & Jagoda, 1962;Hill, Spear, & Clayton, 1962;Hill & Spear, 1963;Clayton, 1963aClayton, , 1963bPaul & Kesner, 1963). T h e "cricical" experimental conditions for the overlearning reversal effect ( O R E ) must be identified if the effect is to be explained adequately.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of Overlearning and Spatial Delay of Reinforcement upon a Discrimination Reversal

Paul

Havlena

1965

Psychol Rep

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Sun2mury.-Rats were trained on a brightness discrimination task under two condirions of spatial delay of reinforcement. Groups received either 0 or 150 postcriterial trials and then were given reversal training. Reversal training was under either the same delay as experienced in original learning or the alternate one. The results indicated that the delay variable, ineffective in original learning, affected reversal acquisition. The postcriterial trials had no affect on trials to reversal criterion. Further analysis indicated that overrraining resulted i n a greater number of initial responses to the originally positive stimulus early in reversal training.

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“…In several recent investigations (Clayton, in press;Hill & Spear, 1963;Hill, Spear, & Clayton, 1962) reversal performance of rats was not facilitated by overlearning despite considerable evidence to the contrary (e.g., Brookshire, Warren, & Ball, 1961;Reid, 1953). Since several procedural details differ between rhe successes and failures the critical variable, or variables, have not yet been isolated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%