T Scores, FRAX, Frailty Phenotype, Falls, and Its Relationship to Fractures in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis

Abstract

Background: Despite the magnitude of fracture and the consequences in patients receiving hemodialysis, optimal risk assessment tools in this population are not well explored. Frailty and falls—known risk factors for fracture in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and non-CKD populations—are common in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) therapy. While the relationship between T scores in relation to fractures in patients receiving HD is recognized, there is a paucity of data to the additional contributions of fracture assessment tool (FRAX), frailty status, and falls in its relationship with fracture. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical utility of adding FRAX, frailty status, and falls to T scores at the femoral neck to determine whether it enhances fracture discrimination in patients on maintenance HD. Design: A cross-sectional observational study. Setting: Two main dialysis units in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Patients: A total of 109 patients on maintenance HD at two dialysis units from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018, were included in the study. Measurements: Fracture (the main outcome) was documented based on the review of medical charts, self-recall, and additionally vertebral fractures were identified by an x-ray. Areal bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). FRAX score was calculated using an online algorithm based on 11 clinical risk factors. We calculated the FRAX score for hip fracture and major osteoprotoic fracture with and without the inclusion of BMD. Frailty was assessed using the Fried criteria, which included assessments of unintentional weight loss, weakness (handgrip strength), slowness (walking speed), and questionnaires for physical activity and self-perceived exhaustion. Patients were enquired about the history and frequency of falls. Methods: A total of 131 patients underwent frailty assessments at the two dialysis units during the dialysis treatment. Following frailty assessments, they were referred for DXA scans and upon receipt of the results undertook FRAX questionnaires. They were additionally sent for lumbar x-rays and contacted for a history of falls. Association between the BMD-T score, FRAX, frailty status, falls, with fracture were examined with sequential multivariable logistic regression models. Differences were considered statistically significant at P values <.05. Results: A total of 109 patients were included in the data analysis. The composite of fracture occurred in 37.6% of patients. About 59.3% were identified as frail, and 29% of the participants had at least one fall in the last year. On multivariate regression analysis, each lower standard deviation (SD) in femoral neck T score was associated with 48% higher odds of fracture (odds ratio [OR] = 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-1.68, P = .005). With the inclusion for FRAX scores (hip), the OR for fracture remained significant at 1.38 (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.04-1.63, P = .043). The addition of frailty status and history of falls did not further improve the model. Low T score and FRAX were both independent risk factors in patients on HD therapy. Limitations: This is a single-center study with a small sample size which limits the generalizability of the findings. Due to the cross-sectional study, associations identified may be difficult to interpret. Conclusions: Both BMD measurements by DXA and FRAX are useful tools to assess fracture in patients receiving HD. The addition of frailty status and history of falls is not associated with fractures in this population. Larger prospective studies are needed to determine whether the inclusion of frailty and falls to the conventional models will improve fracture assessment in the population receiving HD. Trial Registration: The study was not registered on a publicly accessible registry as it did not involve health care intervention on human participants.

Vertebral fractures in patients with CKD and the general population: a call for diagnosis and action

“…However, in the multivariate analysis, only steroid use was found to be significantly associated with prevalent VFs (OR 0.121, 0.015–0.988), with lumbar BMD being marginally statistically significant ( P = .051). Gogas Yavuz et al [ 49 ] reported femoral neck BMD (Z-score) to be a risk factor for VF development in kidney recipients, while another study reported each lower −1 SD in femoral neck T-score to be associated with 48% higher odds of fracture (OR 1.48; 1.20–1.68, P = .005) [ 71 ]. Although an association has been reported between aortic and iliac calcifications and VFs, potentially due to the role of vitamin K deficiency in both bone and vascular pathology [ 44 ], other authors have not observed a significant association [ 46 ].…”

Bones of contention: Predicting and preventing fractures in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis

“…Studies in patients with CKD consistently show that lumbar spine T-scores are higher than the femoral neck, suggesting that patients receiving dialysis disproportionately lose bone mass at the femoral neck. 7,10,11 While it is possible some of this discrepancy may be due falsely high measurements at the spine due to extraskeletal calcification, a recent cohort of patients receiving haemodialysis showed that lumbar spine BMD was not significantly higher in those with abdominal aortic calcification compared to those without. 12 Another possible explanation for the differences across sites is the classic densitometric feature of hyperparathyroidism which disproportionately affects cortical compared to trabecular bone.…”

“…19 Small studies show it performs reasonably well in those receiving haemodialysis, although the evidence as to whether its addition to BMD improves prediction is mixed. 11,20 FRAX may be a helpful adjunct in guiding if a patient should be treated, both in those with low BMD, or those with a suspicion for increased fracture risk despite relatively preserved BMD.…”