Tabaquismo pasivo prenatal y posnatal y bronquiolitis

Risk factors for severe bronchiolitis caused by respiratory virus infections among Mexican children in an emergency department

“…[ 17 ] However, risk factors such as exposure to cigarette smoking during pregnancy were not associated with severe bronchiolitis in the children studied, contrasting with findings reported previously in Spain and North American. [ 2 , 26 ] This could be a secondary effect of campaigns against smoking during pregnancy that have been undertaken in Mexico, but are not related with the lack of association between severity of bronchiolitis and pregnancy smoking in this study. Comparable results have been published in Italy.…”

“…The following demographic data were investigated: age, sex, date of birth, gestational age, birth weight, birth length, previous hospitalizations, history of previous respiratory disease, and birthplace. All mothers were interviewed to determine their children's exposure to potential or known risk factors for severe bronchiolitis, including the following: history of inadequate prenatal and neonatal care (e.g., whether mother was evaluated by a medical doctor at least 9 times during the pregnancy [ 24 ] ), intake of vitamins and calcium during of pregnancy, exposure to cigarette smoke, [ 26 ] delivery by elective caesarean section, [ 23 ] premature birth (gestational age < 37 weeks [ 15 ] ), requirement of mechanical ventilation during the neonatal period, [ 15 ] congenital abnormality (e.g., persistent ductus arteriosus, Down syndrome [ 15 , 19 ] ); children's health history: breastfed for at least 6 months [ 21 ] (if the children were less than 6 months of age and they were being breastfed, was considered to have this criteria), completed vaccination schedule for the child's age (Bacillus Calmette–Guerin and hepatitis B vaccines at birth and hepatitis B vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months of age; pentavalent acellular pertussis, rotavirus, and pneumococcus vaccines at 6 and 7 months of age; and annual influenza vaccines [ 27 ] ), daycare, [ 28 ] or malnutrition (i.e., deficiency of weight/age, index weight/age, height/age, and weight/height were obtained from the children, and then the nutrition indexes were analyzed [ 29 ] ); family health history: asthma, allergies, atopy, and rhinitis in family members [ 18 ] ; and environmental factors: passive exposure to house smoking, [ 30 ] excessive moisture in the house (coexistence of molds or black spots on the walls), overcrowding, [ 12 ] pest infestation in the house, and coexistence with pets. [ 18 , 30 ]…”

Bronquiolitis en una Zona de Salud urbana: Factores demográficos y medioambientales

“…Con respecto a los posibles factores de riesgo analizados, no hemos encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas con respecto a la edad gestacional. Sin embargo, la importancia de la prematuridad como factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de bronquiolitis aparece en numerosas publicaciones, tanto por presentar una incidencia aumentada, como por una mayor gravedad de la misma 10,[12][13][14] .…”

“…Sin embargo, Mahabee-Gittens 11 señala una prevalencia de fumadores en los hogares de niños afectos de asma y/o bronquiolitis de hasta el 41 % de los casos. No existe ninguna duda de que la exposición al humo del tabaco medioambiental y el tabaquismo pasivo contribuyen a las infeccio- nes de las vías respiratorias inferiores en lactantes y niños pequeños en países en desarrollo y en las naciones industrializadas y constituye el principal contaminante ambiental al que están expuestos los niños 10,11,15 .…”

“…El hábito tabáquico materno durante el embarazo parece asociarse con una mayor incidencia de bronquiolitis después del nacimiento 10,26 . Respecto a la relación establecida entre tabaquismo y LM, el estudio realizado por Chatzimichael et al 8 determina que el tabaquismo materno incrementa el riesgo de infecciones del tracto respiratorio en niños alimentados al pecho durante menos de 6 meses, pero no si la LM se prolonga más allá del sexto mes de vida.…”