In cases where directional data, such as palaeomagnetic directions, lie nearly along a great circle, a good approximation to the maximum likelihood estimate of the intermediate concentration parameter kz in the Bingham probability distribution is given by:where tz is the intermediate eigenvalue, N is the number of samples, and the Zi are the appropriate modified Bessel functions of the first kind. This estimate, the asymptotic limit as the smallest eigenvalue t l +O, corresponds to restricting all points to lie on a great circle. The limit is also useful as an endpoint for interpolation, especially since numerical calculation in this region is difficult.