Taboo thoughts and doubt/checking: A refinement of the factor structure for obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms

Pinto, Anthony; Eisen, Jane L.; Mancebo, Maria C.; Greenberg, Benjamin D.; Stout, Robert L.; Rasmussen, Steven A.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.09.005

Cited by 87 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Four studies involving 679 participants were conducted on children (26-29), and 17 studies involving 4,445 participants were of adults (6,10,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(30)(31)(32)(33). The factor structure of the studies involving adults was identical to those involving the total sample.…”

Section: Factor Analysis Results For Studies Involving Adults and Chimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twelve studies involving 2,775 subjects involved primarily English-speaking subjects (6,10,16,18,20,21,25,(27)(28)(29)31). Factor analysis generated four factors that explained 81.5% of the variance.…”

Section: Factor Analysis Results For Studies Involving English-speakimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twelve studies involving 2,830 subjects used current OCD symptoms only in factor analysis (10,11,16,17,19,20,26,27,30,31,35,36). Factor analysis for studies using current OCD symptoms yielded a four-factor solution that explained 81.2% of the variance.…”

Section: Factor Analysis Results For Studies Using Current Versus Lifmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of 21 factor analytic studies of the Y-BOCS CL involving 5,124 participants were included in this meta-analysis (6,10,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33). Table 1 displays the demographic information and results of these individual studies.…”

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Meta-Analysis of the Symptom Structure of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Bloch¹,

Landeros-Weisenberger²,

Rosário³

et al. 2015

FOC

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Objective-OCD is a clinically heterogeneous condition. This heterogeneity has the potential to reduce power in genetic, neuroimaging, and clinical trials. Despite a mounting number of studies, there remains debate regarding the exact factor structure of OCD symptoms. The authors conducted a meta-analysis to determine the factor structure of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist.Method-Studies were included if they involved subjects with OCD and included an exploratory factor analysis of the 13 Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist categories or the items therein. A varimax-rotation was conducted in SAS 9.1 using the PROC FACTOR CORR to extract factors from sample-size weighted co-occurrence matrices. Stratified metaanalysis was conducted to determine the factor structure of OCD in studies involving children and adults separately.Results-Twenty-one studies involving 5,124 participants were included. The four factors generated were 1) symmetry: symmetry obsessions and repeating, ordering, and counting compulsions; 2) forbidden thoughts: aggression, sexual, religious, and somatic obsessions and checking compulsions, 3) cleaning: cleaning and contamination, and 4) hoarding: hoarding obsessions and compulsions. Factor analysis of studies including adults yielded an identical factor structure compared to the overall meta-analysis. Factor analysis of child-only studies differed in that checking loaded highest on the symmetry factor and somatic obsessions, on the cleaning factor.Conclusions-A four-factor structure explained a large proportion of the heterogeneity in the clinical symptoms of OCD. Further item-level factor analyses are needed to determine the appropriate placement of miscellaneous somatic and checking OCD symptoms.Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by repetitive, intrusive thoughts and images and/or by repetitive, ritualistic physical or mental acts performed to reduce the attendant anxiety. OCD is common, affecting 1%-3% of people in both adult and pediatric samples (1-3). OCD is a clinically heterogeneous condition such that two patients with clear OCD can display completely distinct symptom patterns. Despite this obvious phenotypic heterogeneity, DSM-IV and ICD-10 have regarded OCD as a unitary nosological entity.Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Bloch, Yale Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT 06520; michael.bloch@yale.edu. The authors report no competing interests. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptAm J Psychiatry. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 April 01.Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2008 December ; 165(12): 1532-1542. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020320. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptThis heterogeneity has the potential to reduce power in genetic, neuroimaging and natural history studies as well as clinical trials (4).With the ongoing deliberations concerning DSM-V, a vast majority of OCD experts surveyed worldwide agreed ...

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Section: Factor Analysis Results For Studies Involving Adults and Chimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factor Analysis Results For Studies Involving English-speakimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factor Analysis Results For Studies Using Current Versus Lifmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Meta-Analysis of the Symptom Structure of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Bloch¹,

Landeros-Weisenberger²,

Rosário³

et al. 2015

FOC

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…OCD and depressive severity were assessed by trained clinician raters using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS; Goodman et al, 1989a, b) and the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D; Hamilton, 1960). The Y-BOCS checklist provided scores for each OCD patient along five symptom dimensions (contamination and cleaning, taboo thoughts, doubt and checking, symmetry and ordering, and hoarding), using the approach recommended by Pinto et al (2007Pinto et al ( , 2008Pinto et al ( , 2009). …”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Cortical Glutamate–Glutamine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Simpson

Shungu

Bender

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

124

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Glutamatergic abnormalities in corticostriatal brain circuits are thought to underlie obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Whether these abnormalities exist in adults with OCD is not clear. We used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS) to test our hypothesis that unmedicated adults with OCD have reduced glutamate plus glutamine (Glx) levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) compared with healthy controls. Levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were also explored. Twenty-four unmedicated adults with OCD and 22 matched healthy control subjects underwent 1 H MRS scans at 3.0 T. Resonances of both Glx and GABA were obtained using the standard J-editing technique and assessed as ratios relative to voxel tissue water (W) in the MPFC (the region of interest) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to explore the regional specificity of any finding. In the MPFC, Glx/W did not differ by diagnostic group (p ¼ 0.98) or sex (p ¼ 0.57). However, GABA/W was decreased in OCD (2.16 ± 0.46 Â 10 À3 ) compared with healthy controls (2.43 ± 0.45 Â 10 À3 , p ¼ 0.045); moreover, age of OCD onset was inversely correlated with MPFC GABA/W (r ¼ À0.50, p ¼ 0.015). MPFC GABA/W was higher in females than in males. In the DLPFC, there were no main effects of diagnosis or gender on Glx/W or GABA/W. These data indicate that unmedicated adults with OCD do not have Glx abnormalities in a MPFC voxel that includes the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex. However, they may have decreased MPFC GABA levels. How GABA abnormalities might contribute to corticostriatal dysfunction in OCD deserves further study.

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