Tackling type 2 diabetes-associated cardiovascular and renal comorbidities: a key challenge for drug development

Adeghate, Ernest; Kalász, Huba; Jaberi, Saeeda Al; Adeghate, Jennifer; Tekes, Kornélia

doi:10.1080/13543784.2021.1865914

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…According to data released by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in 2019, about 4.2 million adults died from DM and its complications, which is equivalent to 1 death every 8 s [ 2 ]. It is expected that by the year 2045, a staggering 700 million adults across the world will be living with some types of DM [ 3 ]. Today, around half of the 463 million adults with DM are unaware of their illness, placing them at an increased risk of acquiring catastrophic DM-related complications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations of Salivary and Blood Glucose Levels among Six Saliva Collection Methods

Cui

Zhang

Zhu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: Saliva has been studied as a better indicator of disorders and diseases than blood. Specifically, the salivary glucose level is considered to be an indicator of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, saliva collection methods can affect the salivary glucose level, thereby affecting the correlation between salivary glucose and blood glucose. Therefore, this study aims to identify an ideal saliva collection method and to use this method to determine the population and individual correlations between salivary glucose and blood glucose levels in DM patients and healthy controls. Finally, an analysis of the stability of the individual correlations is conducted. Methods: This study included 40 age-matched DM patients and 40 healthy controls. In the fasting state, saliva was collected using six saliva collection methods, venous blood was collected simultaneously from each study participant, and both samples were analyzed at the same time using glucose oxidase peroxidase. A total of 20 DM patients and 20 healthy controls were arbitrarily selected from the above participants for one week of daily testing. The correlations between salivary glucose and blood glucose before and after breakfast were analyzed. Finally, 10 DM patients and 10 healthy controls were arbitrarily selected for one month of daily testing to analyze the stability of individual correlations. Results: Salivary glucose levels were higher in DM patients than healthy controls for the six saliva collection methods. Compared with unstimulated saliva, stimulated saliva had decreased glucose level and increased salivary flow. In addition, unstimulated parotid salivary glucose was most correlated with blood glucose level (R2 = 0.9153), and the ROC curve area was 0.9316, which could accurately distinguish DM patients. Finally, it was found that the correlations between salivary glucose and blood glucose in different DM patients were quite different. The average correlation before breakfast was 0.83, and the average correlation after breakfast was 0.77. The coefficient of variation of the correlation coefficient before breakfast within 1 month was less than 5%. Conclusion: Unstimulated parotid salivary glucose level is the highest and is most correlated with blood glucose level, which can be accurately used to distinguish DM patients. Meanwhile, the correlation between salivary glucose and blood glucose was found to be relatively high and stable before breakfast. In general, the unstimulated parotid salivary glucose before breakfast presents an ideal saliva collecting method with which to replace blood-glucose use to detect DM, which provides a reference for the prediction of DM.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations of Salivary and Blood Glucose Levels among Six Saliva Collection Methods

Cui

Zhang

Zhu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…All of these will also contribute to the stiffening of the coronary arteries, leading to coronary artery disease (CAD) and eventually myocardial infarction (MI) [50]. The pro-inflammatory adipocytokines and other molecules released into blood circulation by excessive fat cells play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity [51]. The low-grade chronic inflammation seen in the obese is deleterious for other organs especially the heart and the vascular bed.…”

Section: Heart and Vascular Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms, Epidemiology, Complications and Pharmacotherapy

Jaberi

Cohen

Saeed

et al. 2021

Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease

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Obesity is a common disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. The number of overweight and obese subjects, globally, is currently 2 billion and 800 million, respectively. Projected estimates show that the number of overweight citizens will approach 60% of the world's population by the year 2030. Oxidative stress facilitates the development of obesity by stimulating pre-adipocyte differentiation and eventual adipose accumulation. Large deposits of fat release excessive quantities of adipocytokines, resulting in chronic inflammation. The obesity-induced chronic inflammation paves the way for a large variety of systemic complications including but not limited to diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic lesions, cardiovascular diseases tissue and malignancy. In addition, other obesity-inducers, such as increased insulin growth factor 1, insulin resistance, and increased tissue level of leptin and low concentration of adiponectin may lead to the development of tissue malignancy. Increased physical activity coupled with a healthy food intake is crucial to the management of obesity. Anti-obesity drugs such as sibutramine, qsymia (a combination of phentermine and topiramate), and orlistat have been used to treat obesity with variable degrees of efficacy. Bariatric surgery becomes a choice in severe cases when physical activity and pharmacotherapy fail. In the obese patient with diabetes mellitus, the choice of hypoglycemic agent is important. Metformin,

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“… 5 Traditional anti-diabetic drugs, either enhance or directly replace the role of insulin, could reduce blood glucose by promoting glucose into the cell, which then transfers to glycogen, fat, and protein. 6 , 7 Recently, a new generation of anti-hyperglycaemic agents, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, on the other hand, reduce blood glucose by promoting urinary glucose excretion, have been proven to exert striking effects on improving cardiorenal outcomes in patients with or without T2DM and in patients with HF with preserved or reduced ejection fraction in numerous large-scale clinical trials. 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiorenal protection of SGLT2 inhibitors—Perspectives from metabolic reprogramming

Gao¹,

Feng²,

Wen

et al. 2022

eBioMedicine

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Tackling type 2 diabetes-associated cardiovascular and renal comorbidities: a key challenge for drug development

Cited by 15 publications

References 72 publications

Correlations of Salivary and Blood Glucose Levels among Six Saliva Collection Methods

Correlations of Salivary and Blood Glucose Levels among Six Saliva Collection Methods

Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms, Epidemiology, Complications and Pharmacotherapy

Cardiorenal protection of SGLT2 inhibitors—Perspectives from metabolic reprogramming

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