Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), also named as postoperative neurocognitive disorder (NCD) (Evered, Silbert, & Knopman, 2018), is a highly prevalent disorder, especially in elderly patients, characterized by acute or persistent deficits in attention, concentration, learning, and memory following surgery, which can be detected by a battery of neuropsychological tests (Skvarc, Berk, & Byrne, 2018). POCD can prolong hospital stay, reduce quality of life, increase mortality, and aggravate the burden of public health, leading