Tactile Fixations: A Behavioral Marker on How People with Visual Impairments Explore Raised-line Graphics

Smart Map Augmented: Exploring and Learning Maritime Audio-Tactile Maps without Vision: The Issue of Finger or Marker Tracking

“…No different exploratory patterns were identified depending on the condition. Here we could corroborate the observations made by Zhao et al [16]. since finger on the seamarks were long even when participants were thinking about something else like scale conversion or cardinal orientation cogitation.…”

“…During manual exploration, "tactile fixations", like eye fixations, have been observed. More precisely, when a finger stops on an element of a map, this draws specific attention to this element and its spatial relationships [16]. Therefore, one could surmise that vocal information should help VIPs to explore a spatial layout.…”

Keep in Touch: Combining Touch Interaction with Thumb-to-Finger µGestures for People with Visual Impairment

“…The exploration of a document defines a promising scenario involving concurrent tasks. Indeed [76], in line with [33,60], showed that as a part of a cognitive strategy to interpret a tactile document, fingers frequently stop and go during the exploration. TTF µGestures could be a complementary input modality of choice as µGestures could be triggered on the fly during those stops and with minimal impact on the cognitive process of understanding the document.…”

“…Because they explore the document with their hands, integration of the content must be done more sequentially compared to a sighted user, by aggregating a succession of incomplete details until enough has been gained to synthesize and understand the whole picture [46]. When exploring audio-tactile documents, PVI rely on bimanual strategies mainly based on movements of the two index finger tips touching the tactile document [5,6,54,76]. But existing audio-tactile devices require back and forth movements between the document being explored and a command menu placed sideways, which interrupts exploration strategies and increases cognitive load [11].…”

Tactile Pictograms Displayed on Pin Array Tablets for Blind Children

“…In particular, to determine the threshold beyond which the gap between dots can make it difficult to perceive them as a line. These studies could also focus on both the recognition rate and the exploration strategies implemented [22]- [24]. Indeed, the spacing between the dots could influence the implementation of exploratory procedures.…”