Tailored Biosensors for Drug Screening, Efficacy Assessment, and Toxicity Evaluation

Abstract

Biosensors have been flourishing in the field of drug discovery with pronounced developments in the past few years. They facilitate the screening and discovery of innovative drugs. However, there is still a lack of critical reviews that compare the merits and shortcomings of these biosensors from a pharmaceutical point of view. This contribution presents a critical and up-to-date overview on the recent progress of tailored biosensors, including surface plasmon resonance, fluorescent, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemical systems with emphasis on their mechanisms and applications in drug screening, efficacy assessment, and toxicity evaluation. Multiple functional nanomaterials have also been incorporated into the biosensors. Representative examples of each type of biosensors are discussed in terms of design strategy, response mechanism, and potential applications. In the end, we also compare the results and summarize the major insights gained from the works, demonstrating the challenges and prospects of biosensors-assisted drug discovery.

Using Graphene Field-Effect Transistors for Real-Time Monitoring of Dynamic Processes at Sensing Interfaces. Benchmarking Performance against Surface Plasmon Resonance

“…8−11 However, these techniques usually require sophisticated instruments and high-cost assays, limiting their availability. 12 Within this scenario, graphene-based field-effect transistors (gFETs) have arisen as a next-generation technology that combines high sensitivity and fast response with low-cost and easy-to-operate instrumentation. 13−16 Moreover, these devices have been shown to be an interesting choice for the real-time detection of molecules and biomarkers, while allowing miniaturization.…”

“…Thus, it becomes imperative to have access to efficient analytical techniques that allow characterizing and monitoring the evolution of interfaces at a molecular level. In particular, label-free techniques are especially interesting in order to simplify experimental procedures and avoid the perturbation of the binding interactions. , Among them, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and bio layer interferometry (BLI) are two widely employed surface-sensitive techniques that are considered gold standards for the kinetic study of the formation of nanointerfaces, as well as for the monitoring of recognition events. − However, these techniques usually require sophisticated instruments and high-cost assays, limiting their availability …”

Towards Modern-Age Advanced Sensors for the Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Status, Challenges and Prospects

“…Sections of larger metal pieces are frequently chopped off to create metal electrodes, which enhance their production costs. 19,38 Similarly, wearables and IoT-connected gadgets have high prices because they need a strong connection and ultralow latency to enable rapid performance in real time.…”

Microfluidically Partitioned Dual Channels for Accurate Background Subtraction in Cellular Binding Studies by Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy

“…Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM), a new variant of SPR, , has emerged as a powerful label-free method for studies of adsorbed nanomaterials − and kinetic measurements of biomolecular interactions at single cells. − SPRM is complementary to SPR, imaging SPR (SPRi), − and other related label-free methods. − In SPRM, a high-resolution camera is used to capture images created by surface plasmon polaritons (SPP). A bright-field image is simultaneously collected from the same viewing area with an inverted microscope .…”

“…Before each experiment, a diluted running buffer (90%, v/v) was injected for calibration. WGA solutions of six concentrations (10,20,50,100,200, and 500 nM) were injected in succession with regeneration in between by 500 μL GlcNAc (100 mM). For assays of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein binding to ACE2 overexpressed on HEK293 cells, the S1 protein concentrations were 12.00, 19.25, 38.50, 77.00, 154.00, and 192.50 nM, which were continuously injected without regeneration.…”