Tailored sulfonated carbons: unraveling enhanced catalytic dynamics for fructose dehydration under conventional and microwave heating

Reis, Gabrielle Mathias; Machado, Letícia Ferreira Lima; Nunes, Renan Silva; Mandelli, Dalmo; Carvalho, Wagner Alves

doi:10.1039/d4su00007b

RSC Sustain.

2024

DOI: 10.1039/d4su00007b

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Tailored sulfonated carbons: unraveling enhanced catalytic dynamics for fructose dehydration under conventional and microwave heating

Gabrielle Mathias Reis,

Letícia Ferreira Lima Machado,

Renan Silva Nunes

et al.

Abstract: This investigation is centered on the synthesis and evaluation of sulfonated carbons employed as catalysts in the transformation of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The sulfonated carbons were synthesized through carbonization...

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Cited by 3 publications

References 73 publications

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Iron-Modified Acid Carbons for the Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural under Microwave Heating

Machado,

Andrade,

Mandelli

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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Carbons with Brønsted acidic sites and iron oxide modifications were prepared through hydrothermal carbonization and glycerol pyrolysis in the presence of sulfuric acid, magnetite, and iron(III) nitrate. The solids were tested as catalysts in converting fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Characterization techniques revealed a uniform presence of 4.89 mmol g −1 total acidic groups, including up to 1.87 mmol g −1 sulfonic and carboxylic groups. Combined with a reduced surface area, the Brønsted and Lewis acidity enabled the conversion of 94% of fructose with selectivity values as high as 95% for 5-HMF in just 10 min at 140 °C, using microwave heating and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the solvent. This performance was attributed to the selective heating of the catalyst surface by the microwave absorption capacity of the acidic groups and iron oxide, leading to the formation of "hot spots." The catalyst obtained by hydrothermal carbonization in the presence of Fe 3 O 4 , HCC-20% Fe 3 O 4 , demonstrated stability when reused for up to four consecutive cycles. A slight reduction in conversion and selectivity was observed after the first use, attributed to the presence of acid species not incorporated into the solid during the synthesis process.

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Iron-Modified Acid Carbons for the Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural under Microwave Heating

Machado,

Andrade,

Mandelli

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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From citrus waste to value: optimizing sulfonated carbons for limonene upcycling into value-added products

Reis,

Nunes,

Xavier

et al. 2025

RSC Sustain.

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Towards Photothermal Acid Catalysts Using Eco-Sustainable Sulfonated Carbon Nanoparticles—Part II: Thermal and Photothermal Catalysis of Biodiesel Synthesis

Militello,

Tamborini,

Acevedo

et al. 2024

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The main goal of this work is to evaluate the ability of sulfonated carbon nanoparticles (SCNs) to induce photothermal catalysis of the biodiesel synthesis reaction (transesterification of natural triglycerides (TGs) with alcohols). Carbon nanoparticles (CNs) are produced by the carbonization of cross-linked resin nanoparticles (RNs). The RNs are produced by condensation of a phenol (resorcinol or natural tannin) with formaldehyde under ammonia catalysis (Stober method). The method produces nanoparticles, which are carbonized into carbon nanoparticles (CNs). The illumination of CNs increases the temperature proportionally (linear) to the nanoparticle concentration and exposure time (with saturation). Solid acid catalysts are made by heating in concentrated sulfuric acid (SEAr sulfonation). The application of either light or a catalyst (SCNs) (at 25 °C) induced low conversions (<10%) for the esterification reaction of acetic acid with bioethanol. In contrast, the illumination of the reaction medium containing SCNs induced high conversions (>75%). In the case of biodiesel synthesis (transesterification of sunflower oil with bioethanol), conversions greater than 40% were observed only when light and the catalyst (SCNs) were applied simultaneously. Therefore, it is possible to use sulfonated carbon nanoparticles as photothermally activated catalysts for Fischer esterification and triglyceride transesterification (biodiesel synthesis).

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Tailored sulfonated carbons: unraveling enhanced catalytic dynamics for fructose dehydration under conventional and microwave heating

Abstract: This investigation is centered on the synthesis and evaluation of sulfonated carbons employed as catalysts in the transformation of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The sulfonated carbons were synthesized through carbonization...

Cited by 3 publications

References 73 publications

Iron-Modified Acid Carbons for the Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural under Microwave Heating

Iron-Modified Acid Carbons for the Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural under Microwave Heating

From citrus waste to value: optimizing sulfonated carbons for limonene upcycling into value-added products

Towards Photothermal Acid Catalysts Using Eco-Sustainable Sulfonated Carbon Nanoparticles—Part II: Thermal and Photothermal Catalysis of Biodiesel Synthesis

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