“…Both H 2 O and HF have been identified as harmful species in batteries and their effects have been discussed extensively in the literature (Yamane et al, 2001;Li et al, 2009;Han et al, 2015;Single et al, 2016;Chen et al, 2017;Peebles et al, 2017;Wotango et al, 2017;Nayak et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2020a;Fondard et al, 2020;Herriot, 2012;Han et al, 2020;Cheng et al, 2021;Haridas et al, 2021;Liao et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2022). Electrolyte filling in NIB cells is usually done in the glovebox (H 2 O < 0.1 ppm) or dry room, which still contains low levels of water.…”