“…Due to the limitless abundance and environmental friendliness of oxygen (O 2 ), research on robust aerobic oxidation catalysts for the eco-friendly conversion of chemicals has attracted widespread attention for sustainable development. − An important example is aerobic oxidative desulfurization (AODS), an emerging desulfurization technology of fuels. − In the AODS process, thiophenic sulfides in fuels are oxidized selectively for yielding sulfones with strong polarity and then deeply removed by solvent extraction so as to eliminate the environmental hazards generated from the use of sulfur-containing fuels. − Compared with the currently adopting hydrodesulfurization (HDS) method, AODS promises a carbon-neutral process by realizing sulfur removal at mild conditions . However, ground-state O 2 is a triplet, making it chemically inert to singlet substrates, which therefore requires a high-performance catalyst to overcome the barrier in activating O 2 at mild temperatures. , So far, a variety of catalysts have been suggested for AODS, such as metal–organic frameworks, , supported noble-metal catalysts, − metal oxides, − polyoxometalates, − metal-free materials, , etc . However, the current catalysts still suffer from some problems such as high cost, limited activity, or poor stability.…”