“…There are several reports on investigating the interface of biomolecules and metal oxides [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], in particular indium oxide [ 44 , 45 , 46 ] and titania [ 47 , 48 ]. Recently, studies have been performed on surface treatment of ITO using biomolecules for investigating its electrochemical properties and electronic properties for biosensing, including even faster biosensors, to help fight the current pandemic [ 6 , 17 , 49 , 50 ]. However, to completely understand the mechanisms at play for such applications, a detailed, comprehensive computational study of the interface is required.…”