2021
DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00524-w
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Take a deep breath… The evolution of the respiratory system of symphytognathoid spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea)

Abstract: Spiders are unique in having a dual respiratory system with book lungs and tracheae, and most araneomorph spiders breathe simultaneously via book lungs and tracheae, or tracheae alone. The respiratory organs of spiders are diverse but relatively conserved within families. The small araneoid spiders of the symphytognathoid clade exhibit a remarkably high diversity of respiratory organs and arrangements, unparalleled by any other group of ecribellate orb weavers. In the present study, we explore and review the d… Show more

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Cited by 4 publications
(8 citation statements)
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“…This point is underscored by the recent discovery of a eurypterid with trabeculate respiratory organs well after the appearance of arachnids in the fossil record (340 Ma; Lamsdell et al 2020 ), secondarily marine scorpions with lamellate gills ( Waeringoscorpio ; Dunlop 2010 ; Howard et al 2020 ), and the diversity of modern aquatic mites ( Dabert et al 2016 ). The recent recovery of Pseudoscorpiones as a derived member of Arachnopumonata, as well as investigations of respiratory structures across spiders, reveals that book lungs have been frequently lost and repeatedly transformed into tracheal tubules, with loss of book lungs observed in multiple miniaturized arachnopulmonate groups (e.g., the posterior book lung pair of Schizomida and most araneomorph spiders; complete loss of book lungs in miniaturized spiders and pseudoscorpions) ( Ontano et al 2021 ; Ramírez et al 2021 ; Lopardo et al 2021 ). There is no compelling evidence that evolutionary transitions of respiratory organs have followed a simple, linear series at the base of Arachnida, nor that water-to-land (or the reverse) transitions are rare or irreversible in the arthropod fossil record.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…This point is underscored by the recent discovery of a eurypterid with trabeculate respiratory organs well after the appearance of arachnids in the fossil record (340 Ma; Lamsdell et al 2020 ), secondarily marine scorpions with lamellate gills ( Waeringoscorpio ; Dunlop 2010 ; Howard et al 2020 ), and the diversity of modern aquatic mites ( Dabert et al 2016 ). The recent recovery of Pseudoscorpiones as a derived member of Arachnopumonata, as well as investigations of respiratory structures across spiders, reveals that book lungs have been frequently lost and repeatedly transformed into tracheal tubules, with loss of book lungs observed in multiple miniaturized arachnopulmonate groups (e.g., the posterior book lung pair of Schizomida and most araneomorph spiders; complete loss of book lungs in miniaturized spiders and pseudoscorpions) ( Ontano et al 2021 ; Ramírez et al 2021 ; Lopardo et al 2021 ). There is no compelling evidence that evolutionary transitions of respiratory organs have followed a simple, linear series at the base of Arachnida, nor that water-to-land (or the reverse) transitions are rare or irreversible in the arthropod fossil record.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Future efforts to integrate morphology into the new phylogeny of Chelicerata may be aided by parametric tests for phylogenetic signal across anatomical character systems, with the goal of quantifying informativeness and assessing noise in anatomical partitions (e.g., Bieler et al 2014 ; King 2019 ). Exploration of signal within both morphological and molecular data sets, in tandem with alternative recoding strategies, may be key to identifying congruence between dissonant data classes (e.g., Kulkarni et al 2021 ; Lopardo et al 2021 ; Redmond and McLysaght 2021 ). More generally, a multidimensional, modern view of morphological evolution should emphasize implementation of comparative genetic techniques for testing the shared developmental basis of putative homologies (e.g., Smith et al 2016 ; Nakamura et al 2017 ; Bruce and Patel 2020 ; Clark-Hachtel and Tomoyasu 2020 ), especially as it pertains to body plan diversification and the evolution of anatomical disparity.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among all the major clades of linyphiids, only in clade B did the desmitracheate system independently evolve multiple times (Figure 2). Although its selective advantages, either the high efficiency of anteriorly extending tracheae in providing oxygen directly to the brain and legs [35,36] or the assistance of extensively branched tracheae on water retention [9,37], have never been physiologically tested in web-weaver spiders (but see the morphological test in [57]), such a tracheal system repeatedly evolved in clade B, as well as in several litter-dweller spider groups [14,58,59], which implies its selective advantage for these spiders. Furthermore, the great species diversity of clade B, especially of the distal erigonines clade, suggest that the desmitracheate system might be a key innovation that triggered the fast diversification in clade B.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Spiders are generalist predators, forming a successful terrestrial animal group, and their high species diversity is distributed unevenly across lineages [9], even extremely asymmetrically between sister groups [4,10]. Several hypotheses have been proposed to interpret the driving forces that promote spider diversification, such as co-diversification with insects [11][12][13], key innovations in silk structure and web architecture [10], repeated evolution of the respiratory system from book lungs to tracheae [14], and foraging changes from using capturing web to cursorial habits [15]. While these studies usually focus on the driving forces for fast diversifications that lead to a speciose clade, little attention having been exerted to the factors that might result in groups with poor species diversity.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The tagmosis of spiders remains almost unchanged in both the ancestral Mesothelae and in the descendant Opisthothelae, in contrast to mites, which have many tagmosis variants 7 . The organ set of spiders is fairly stable 8 , 9 , with a few exceptions such as the respiratory system 10 12 and the spinning organs. Also, there are minor ecology-related variations, such as the change in cheliceral musculature in Palpimanoidea 13 , and changes in venom glands in Scytodidae 14 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%