“…Importantly, the development of mindreading and communication begins during the “primordial sharing situation,” where a child can hardly differentiate her/his experience between herself/himself, the caregiver, and the referential object, and only later progressive distancing and differentiation occurs between them (Werner & Kaplan, 1963, p. 42). Thus, the social-constructionist view is an example of a differentiating-out approach (Hobson, 2002) in contrast to joining-together approaches (e.g., Tomasello et al, 2005), where the starting assumption is that infants are separated from others, can only perceive other bodies, and have to infer minds (Carpendale et al, 2018). The social-constructionist view is also an action-based perspective on development, and thus proposes that when infants and toddlers begin to anticipate how others respond to them, they learn how others interpret their actions, and hence, learn to use them as communicative gestures.…”