Taking tolerance seriously: A proposal from a self-categorization perspective on disapproval and respect.

Simon, Bernd

doi:10.1037/amp0001166

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…In order to obtain an indicator of tolerance (i.e., disapproval being tamed by respect; Simon, 2020 , 2023 ; Simon et al, 2019 ; Zitzmann et al, 2022 ) in our Republican leaner participants toward relevant outgroups, we asked (in line with Simon et al, 2019 ):…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pilot Study of Metacognitive Training in U.S. Republican Leaners: Reducing Polarization Toward LGBTIQ+ Persons

Reininger,

Koulen,

Biel

et al. 2024

Arch Sex Behav

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Negative attitudes and stigmatization toward sexual minorities is a cause of minority stress of non-heterosexual persons on an individual level and has a negative impact on democratic coexistence in postmodern, plural society on a societal level. Derived from clinical research, we developed a short metacognitive training (MCT) intended to induce doubt toward inaccurate beliefs about LGBTIQ+ persons. We expected this MCT to reduce homonegativity, threat perceptions of LGBTIQ+ persons, and to foster extended outgroup tolerance compared to an education and a no-treatment control condition. We tested this hypothesis in U.S. Republican leaners who represent a social group that is likely to hold homonegative attitudes. We randomly assigned 490 U.S. Republican leaners to an MCT condition comprising 16 questions and respective answers (n = 166) vs. an education control condition (n = 164) vs. a no-treatment control condition (n = 160). We found that Republican leaners after receiving MCT (1) had a significant reduction of homonegativity (ds ≥ 0.28), (2) significantly perceived LGBTIQ+ persons as less threatening (ds ≥ 0.30), and (3) were significantly more tolerant of various outgroups such as LGBTIQ+ persons, feminists, liberals, and climate activists (ds ≥ 0.23) relative to both control conditions. The small effects of this short intervention and the possibility of systematically applying MCT in social discourse to reduce homonegativity with its potential significance for LGBTIQ+ individuals’ mental health are discussed. Furthermore, we highlight this pilot study’s significance toward intervention possibilities regarding political division and polarization in postmodern, democratic societies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pilot Study of Metacognitive Training in U.S. Republican Leaners: Reducing Polarization Toward LGBTIQ+ Persons

Reininger,

Koulen,

Biel

et al. 2024

Arch Sex Behav

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“…Simon (2023) favors focusing on one particular form of tolerance (respect) and one particular cognitive process (social categorization) and discussing only the empirical studies demonstrating support for the disapproval–respect model. He claims that this model provides a deeper theoretical elaboration by identifying a general principle that connects the empirical observations.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In other words, the disapproval can be principled and directed at a specific belief or practice as belief or practice that is considered misguided, harmful, or wrong, irrespective of ingroup–outgroup categorizations. Simon (2023) seems to recognize this possibility but considers it a question of the correct identification of the underlying ingroup–outgroup categorization. Yet, in this way, social categorization is not only all-explaining but also becomes a moving target that turns every disagreement, disapproval, or dislike into a categorization issue, including the disapproval of particular political strategies of one’s political allies, principled objection to offensive speech, disapproval of one’s child’s drinking behavior, or the dislike of one’s partner’s taste in music.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, the result is a limited and limiting understanding of the various manifestations of tolerance in everyday life. Simon (2023) presents a familiar dual categorization analysis that he and others have applied to various other topics (e.g., Simon, 2020). Tolerance would involve disapproval based on ingroup-outgroup categorization that is restrained by respect based on shared superordinate categorization.…”

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confidence: 99%

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There is much more to tolerance than social categorization: Commentary on Simon (2023).

Verkuyten

2023

American Psychologist

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“…This article provides a constructive critique on the disapproval-respect model, a recently developed theory of tolerance drawing from a self-categorization perspective (Simon, 2023). The disapproval-respect model considers dual categorization as an underlying social psychological process of tolerance such that people respect others' beliefs, practices, or ways of life because they see others as equals under the same shared identity, despite disapproving of them due to ingroup-outgroup categorization (Turner et al, 1987).…”

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confidence: 99%

Two dual-categorization theories of tolerance: Commentary on Simon (2023).

Jung

2023

American Psychologist

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This article provides a constructive critique on the disapproval-respect model of tolerance, which presents a dual-categorization-based explanation of tolerance with two componentsdisapproval and respect. Additionally, the article discusses the leniency contract theory, another dual-categorization-based theory of tolerance with two components-disagreement and openmindedness-that has been largely overlooked by the tolerance research community. Both theories argue that tolerance arises from a sense of shared identity; however, they have distinct focuses in their conceptualization and consequences of tolerance. While the disapprovalrespect model focuses on respect tolerance and its consequence in intergroup relations, the leniency contract theory focuses on open-minded tolerance, its consequence in minority versus majority influence, and the role of tolerance in enabling gradual and steady change toward a more pluralistic society. The leniency contract theory and disapproval-respect model together offer valuable insights into the ways in which group cohesion and diversity can coexist, even in the face of ideological disagreement.

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Taking tolerance seriously: A proposal from a self-categorization perspective on disapproval and respect.

Cited by 4 publications

References 72 publications

A Pilot Study of Metacognitive Training in U.S. Republican Leaners: Reducing Polarization Toward LGBTIQ+ Persons

A Pilot Study of Metacognitive Training in U.S. Republican Leaners: Reducing Polarization Toward LGBTIQ+ Persons

There is much more to tolerance than social categorization: Commentary on Simon (2023).

Two dual-categorization theories of tolerance: Commentary on Simon (2023).

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