Animal models have been extensively developed in the last decades in biomedical field. Their use has shown particular relevance in fields such as cell biology, genetics, anatomy and development, biochemistry, infection and immunity, cancer research, drugs and vaccine development, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.Despite major advances regarding in vitro models aiming to mimic the complexity and cellular interaction existing within tissues [1-3], in vivo testing is essential to safely investigate the biological performance of newly developed devices when implanted in a living system. A better characterization of such response at cellular and molecular level is required, and has been extensively investigated in the last decades [4][5][6][7]. However, the complexity of in vivo responses to implanted biomaterials renders this assessment a challenging issue to address. * Both authors equally contributed for the writing of this book chapter.Biomaterials from Nature for Advanced Devices and Therapies, First Edition. Edited by Nuno M. Neves and Rui L. Reis.