Tamarind Trypsin Inhibitor in Chitosan–Whey Protein Nanoparticles Reduces Fasting Blood Glucose Levels without Compromising Insulinemia: A Preclinical Study

Abstract

In vivo studies show the benefits of the trypsin inhibitor isolated from tamarind (Tamarindusindica L.) (TTI) seeds in satiety and obesity. In the present study, TTI nanoencapsulation (ECW) was performed to potentialize the effect of TTI and allow a controlled release in the stomach. The impact on glycemia, insulin, and lipid profile was evaluated in Wistar rats overfed with a high glycemic index diet (HGLI). Characterization of the nanoparticles and in vitro stability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, monitored by antitrypsin activity and HPLC, was performed. ECW and empty nanoparticles (CW) were administered by gavage, using 12.5 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively. Both nanoformulations presented a spherical shape and smooth surface, with an average diameter of 117.4 nm (24.1) for ECW and 123.9 nm (11.3) for CW. ECW maintained the antitrypsin activity (95.5%) in the gastric phase, while TTI was completely hydrolyzed. In Wistar rats, the nanoformulations significantly reduced glycemia and HOMA IR, and ECW increased HDL-c compared to CW (p < 0.05).Pancreas histopathology of animals treated with ECW suggested an onset of tissue repair. Thenanoencapsulation provided TTI protection, gradual release in the desired condition, and improvement of biochemical parameters related to carbohydrate metabolism disorders,without compromising insulinemia.

Synthesis of Escherichia coli OmpA Oral Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Immune Functions against the Major Etiologic Agent of Cow Mastitis

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Safety and bioactive potential of nanoparticles containing Cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L.) carotenoids in an experimental model of chronic inflammation

“…Table 1 presents reference values for the hematological and biochemical parameters studied in male, adult, eutrophic Wistar rats (320–380 g), acclimated under this study's same conditions, consuming a standard Labina® diet. These same reference values have been used in other studies developed in the same bioterium [ 22 ].…”

Structural insights and molecular dynamics into the inhibitory mechanism of a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor from Tamarindus indica L

“…To increase its potential effect, TTI was nanoencapsulated in chitosan and whey-protein (ECW), and results revealed an improvement in the function and stability of TTI 12 . In another study, ECW induced a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose in Wistar rats fed with a high glycemic index and glycemic load diet (HGLI) 16 . In addition, nanoencapsulation protected TTI and promoted the controlled release in vitro simulations of digestion under physiological conditions 16 .…”