Tamm Review: Direct seeding to restore oak (Quercus spp.) forests and woodlands

Löf, Magnus; Castro, Jorge; Engman, Mattias; Leverkus, Alexandro B.; Madsen, Palle; Reque, J.A.; Villalobos, Adrian; Gardiner, Emile S.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.06.032

Cited by 51 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…Contrarily, if seeds are sown 1 year ahead of planting to control for seedling age, the effect of revegetation method cannot be differentiated from idiosyncratic weather differences between revegetation years. The comparison of methods can be further obscured by differences in cultivation techniques, the year of seed collection, the characteristics of seeds, and even the identity of the maternal plant (Dey et al 2008; Palma & Laurance 2015; Löf et al 2019). The comparability of experimental seeding and planting treatments may also be modulated by the responses being measured, combined with the timing of measurement.…”

Section: The Seeding or Planting Dilemmamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some reviews have previously addressed direct seeding (e.g. Ceccon et al 2016; Grossnickle & Ivetić 2017; Löf et al 2019) and the success of seeding compared to planting (Dey et al 2008; Palma & Laurance 2015). However, to our knowledge, none of them has followed a reproducible, systematic approach, specifically targeted studies comparing the two revegetation methods.…”

Section: Ways Aheadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, long, dry summers or poor, shallow soils can limit seedling survival and performance (Rey Benayas et al 2015;Leverkus et al 2015a). Biotic stress, primarily through herbivory, seed predation, and competition, can also cause great losses (Löf & Welander 2004;Rey Benayas et al 2015;Castro & Leverkus 2019;Löf et al 2019). Both kinds of stresses can be influenced by the method employed for revegetation, so it is essential to identify the causes of failure and propose techniques to address them.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Seeding or planting to revegetate the world's degraded land: systematic review and experimentation to address methodological issues

Leverkus

Lázaro‐González

Andivia

et al. 2021

Restoration Ecology

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Revegetation is key to achieve the goals of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. For many situations and plant species, selecting direct seeding or planting can define revegetation success. However, there is no clarity about when one method should be preferred over the other, partly driven by methodological difficulties that preclude avoiding bias during experimentation. To move the debate forward, (1) we propose a systematic review of the studies that compare seeding and planting, including how they have handled bias; and (2) we describe an ongoing experiment that tests different ways to handle bias when comparing seeding with planting.

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Section: The Seeding or Planting Dilemmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ways Aheadmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seeding or planting to revegetate the world's degraded land: systematic review and experimentation to address methodological issues

Leverkus

Lázaro‐González

Andivia

et al. 2021

Restoration Ecology

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“…Wild boar damage probably reflected the increase in the local boar population (Massei et al 2015), particularly after 2016 (unpublished data). Methods to protect acorns in direct acorn seeding projects need to be improved (Löf et al 2019).…”

Section: Lessons To Improve Assisted Natural Forest Regeneration Using Planted Woodland Isletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of oak establishment in Mediterranean old fields from 25-year-old woodland islets planted to assist natural regeneration

et al. 2021

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Planted woodland islets can provide seeds for restoring forest ecosystems in Mediterranean old fields lacking seed sources, but other factors than seed arrival can also hinder the establishment of woody species. We experimentally examined factors affecting the emergence, survival, growth and recruitment of holm oak (Quercus ilex) seedlings juveniles from 25-year-old 100-m2 oak woodland islets planted in a Mediterranean old field. Wet springs and summers increased seedling emergence and survival. Distance to the islets per se did not affect seedling performance. However, emergence and survival increased in microsites close to the islets in less sun-exposed orientations of the islets and far from the islets in more sun-exposed orientations. Damage by wild boar reduced emergence, and unsheltered seedlings had 26% lower survival than sheltered ones, reflecting herbivory. Herb community biomass and light reduction by herbs increased with distance from nearest islet; the sparse herb cover around islets was due to competition from woodland islets, not to herbivory. There was a mismatch between the pattern of seedling survival and how the abundance of naturally recruited oaks varied with distance from the nearest islet; this suggests that other drivers can counteract the spatial pattern of seedling survival. We conclude that natural regeneration of Q. ilex in old fields from planted woodland islets is slow (5.7 seedlings ha−1 yr−1) due to acorn and seedling predation, and drought during spring and summer. Despite their small size, planted islets affected survival of oak juveniles depending on the orientation and distance relative to the islets.

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“…In this study, we focused on the Quercus species that is widely used in the Mediterranean region for reforestation, afforestation, and forest restoration projects [63][64][65][66]. The species were chosen according to different ecological adaptations, particularly in relation to Mediterranean or arid climates [67]-from the most well adapted to a Mediterranean climate with dry summers, Q. ilex (holm oak), to the intermediate Q. pubescens (pubescent or downy oak), to the less Mediterranean adapted, Q. robur (pedunculate oak), which prefers a temperate climate without a dry season, is widespread across Europe, including the Mediterranean region, and is one of most common species for multi-purpose hardwood forest plantings in Europe [68,69].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coconut Coir as a Sustainable Nursery Growing Media for Seedling Production of the Ecologically Diverse Quercus Species

Mariotti

Sofía

Raddi

et al. 2020

Forests

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Peat, a non-sustainable resource, is still predominately used in forest nurseries. Coconut coir might provide an alternative, renewable, and reliable growing media but few studies have evaluated this media type in forest nurseries. We assessed the influence of pure coir, in combination with various fertilization regimes, on the growth and physiology of three ecologically diverse Quercus species seedlings (Q. robur, Q. pubescens, and Q. ilex) during nursery cultivation. Seedlings were grown using peat and pure coir in combination with three fertilization treatments (standard, K-enriched, and P-enriched). Data were collected for: (1) growth and physiological traits; (2) detailed above- and below-ground morphological traits by destructive analysis; and (3) NPK content in leaves, shoot and roots, and in the growing media, following cultivation. Peat and coir in combination with the various fertilization treatments affected above- and below-ground morphology and, to a lesser extent, the physiological traits of Quercus seedlings. Large effects of the substrate occurred for most morphological variables, with peat being more effective than coir in all studied species. Fertilization also produced significant differences. The effect of K-enriched fertilization on plant growth was clear across the three species and the two growing media. P-enriched fertilization in peat was the only combination that promoted a higher amount of this element in the tissues at the end of cultivation. Despite their smaller size, seedlings produced in coir were compatible with standard Quercus forest stocktype size, and showed a proportionally higher root system development and fibrosity. Our results suggest that coir can be used as an alternative substrate to grow Quercus species seedlings, and that fertilization can offset coir deficiencies in chemical properties. As several functional traits drive planting performance under varying environmental conditions. according to the Target Plant Concept, coir might thus serve as an acceptable material for seedling cultivation in some cases.

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Tamm Review: Direct seeding to restore oak (Quercus spp.) forests and woodlands

Cited by 51 publications

References 166 publications

Seeding or planting to revegetate the world's degraded land: systematic review and experimentation to address methodological issues

Seeding or planting to revegetate the world's degraded land: systematic review and experimentation to address methodological issues

Drivers of oak establishment in Mediterranean old fields from 25-year-old woodland islets planted to assist natural regeneration

Coconut Coir as a Sustainable Nursery Growing Media for Seedling Production of the Ecologically Diverse Quercus Species

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