TANGO: A reliable, open-source, browser-based task to assess individual differences in gaze understanding in 3 to 5-year-old children and adults

Prein, Julia Christin; Kalinke, Steven; Haun, Daniel B. M.; Bohn, Manuel

doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02159-5

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The task was presented as a web application (demo https://ccp-odc.eva.mpg.de/tango-demo/; source code https://github.com/ccp-eva/tango-demo). The TANGO showed satisfactory internal consistency and retest reliability (Pearson's r from .7 to .8; Prein et al (2023)) and no floor or ceiling effects for children and adults.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…We used the continuous version of the TANGO (Prein et al, 2023). The task was presented as a web application (demo https://ccp-odc.eva.mpg.de/tango-demo/; source code https://github.com/ccp-eva/tango-demo).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…to reliably capture inter-individual differences in gaze following (Prein et al, 2023). The variation between participants was thus likely genuine and not due to random noise.…”

Section: Study 2: Computational Cognitive Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Study 3 examined the components of gaze following and whether it can be fully reduced to physical vector following. The positive link between TANGO and social-environmental factors like age of childcare entry (Prein et al, 2023) underline how social interaction is integral to gaze following. Nevertheless, it is unclear how gaze following relates to other forms of perspective-taking (Astor & Gredebäck, 2022).…”

Section: Study 3: Components Of Gaze Followingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Measuring individual differences in basic aspects of social cognition is important to understand the underlying processes and to quantify the impact of environmental influences and other cognitive abilities (Birch et al, 2017;Del Bianco et al, 2019). Across the three studies, we measured gaze following continuously by using a task that is designed to capture individual-level variation (Prein et al, 2023): the TANGO (Task for Assessing iNdividual differences in Gaze understanding -Open) avoids floor and ceiling effects in children and adults and is thus particularly suited to examine how gaze following changes with age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation in gaze understanding across the life span: A process-level perspective

Prein,

Maurits,

Werwach

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Following eye gaze is fundamental for many social-cognitive abilities, for example, when judging what another agent can or cannot know. While the emergence of gaze-following has been thoroughly studied on a group level, we know little about (a) the developmental trajectory beyond infancy and (b) the sources of individual differences. In Study 1, we examined gaze understanding across the lifespan (N = 471 3- to 80-years-olds; children from a mid-sized German city; international remotely tested adults). We found a steep learning curve during preschool years, in which children became more precise in locating the attentional focus of an agent. Precision levels then stayed comparably stable throughout adulthood with a minor decline toward old age. In Study 2, we formalized the process of gaze understanding in a computational cognitive model that allowed us to conceptualize individual differences in a psychologically meaningful way (N = 60 3- to 5-year-olds, 50 adults). According to our model, participants estimate pupil angles with varying levels of precision based on observing the pupil location within the agent’s eyes. In Study 3, we tested two implications of our gaze model, namely that gaze understanding could be related to vector estimation in non-social settings and perspective-taking abilities (N = 102 4- to 5-year-olds). We found that gaze understanding is associated with both of these abilities but less so with other Theory of Mind tasks. This work illustrates how the combination of reliable measurement instruments and formal theoretical models allows us to explore the in(ter)dependence of core social-cognitive processes in greater detail.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…to reliably capture inter-individual differences in gaze following (Prein et al, 2023). The variation between participants was thus likely genuine and not due to random noise.…”

Section: Study 2: Computational Cognitive Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study 3: Components Of Gaze Followingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Variation in gaze understanding across the life span: A process-level perspective

Prein,

Maurits,

Werwach

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Co‐perceiving: Bringing the social into perception

Deroy,

Longin,

Bahrami

2024

WIRES Cognitive Science

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Humans and other animals possess the remarkable ability to effectively navigate a shared perceptual environment by discerning which objects and spaces are perceived by others and which remain private to themselves. Traditionally, this capacity has been encapsulated under the umbrella of joint attention or joint action. In this comprehensive review, we advocate for a broader and more mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon, termed co‐perception. Co‐perception encompasses the sensitivity to the perceptual engagement of others and the capability to differentiate between objects perceived privately and those perceived commonly with others. It represents a distinct concept from mere simultaneous individual perception. Moreover, discerning between private and common objects doesn't necessitate intricate mind‐reading abilities or mutual coordination. The act of perceiving objects as either private or common provides a comprehensive account for social scenarios where individuals simply share the same context or may even engage in competition. This conceptual framework encourages a re‐examination of classical paradigms that demonstrate social influences on perception. Furthermore, it suggests that the impacts of shared experiences extend beyond affective responses, also influencing perceptual processes.This article is categorized under: Psychology > Attention Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science Philosophy > Psychological Capacities

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Variation in gaze following across the life span: A process‐level perspective

Prein,

Maurits,

Werwach

et al. 2024

Developmental Science

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Following eye gaze is fundamental for many social‐cognitive abilities, for example, when judging what another agent can or cannot know. While the emergence of gaze following has been thoroughly studied on a group level, we know little about (a) the developmental trajectory beyond infancy and (b) the sources of individual differences. In Study 1, we examined gaze following across the lifespan (N = 478 3‐ to 19‐year‐olds from Leipzig, Germany; and N = 240 20‐ to 80‐year‐old international, remotely tested adults). We found a steep performance improvement during preschool years, in which children became more precise in locating the attentional focus of an agent. Precision levels then stayed comparably stable throughout adulthood with a minor decline toward old age. In Study 2, we formalized the process of gaze following in a computational cognitive model that allowed us to conceptualize individual differences in a psychologically meaningful way (N = 60 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds, 50 adults). According to our model, participants estimate pupil angles with varying levels of precision based on observing the pupil location within the agent's eyes. In Study 3, we empirically tested how gaze following relates to vector following in non‐social settings and perspective‐taking abilities (N = 102 4‐ to 5‐year‐olds). We found that gaze following is associated with both of these abilities but less so with other Theory of Mind tasks. This work illustrates how the combination of reliable measurement instruments and formal theoretical models allows us to explore the in(ter)dependence of core social‐cognitive processes in greater detail.Research Highlights Gaze following develops beyond infancy. The highest precision levels in localizing attentional foci are reached in young adulthood with a slight decrease towards old age. We present a computational model that describes gaze following as a process of estimating pupil angles and the corresponding gaze vectors. The model explains individual differences and recovers signature patterns in the data. To estimate the relation between gaze‐ and vector following, we designed a non‐social vector following task. We found substantial correlations between gaze following and vector following, as well as Level 2 perspective‐taking. Other Theory of Mind tasks did not correlate.

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TANGO: A reliable, open-source, browser-based task to assess individual differences in gaze understanding in 3 to 5-year-old children and adults

Cited by 3 publications

References 89 publications

Variation in gaze understanding across the life span: A process-level perspective

Variation in gaze understanding across the life span: A process-level perspective

Co‐perceiving: Bringing the social into perception

Variation in gaze following across the life span: A process‐level perspective

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