“…For the numerical modeling of these tapers, the FEM-2D formulation [9]- [12], is used to compute the field distribution and hence the coupled power can be obtained. On the other hand, the genetic algorithm (GA) and the artificial immune system (AIS) were used for the optimization of several photonic devices such as photonic crystals [11], [12], tapers in conventional waveguides [13], [14], and segmented tapers [1].…”