Tardive syndromes

Abstract

Tardive syndromes are a group of hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders that occur after some delay following exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents such as antipsychotic and anti-emetic drugs. The severity of these disorders ranges from mild to disabling or even life-threatening. There is a wide range of recognized tardive phenomenologies that may occur in isolation or in combination with each other. These phenomenologies include stereotypy, dystonia, chorea, akathisia, myoclonus, tremor, tics, gait disorders, parkinsonism, ocular deviations, respiratory dyskinesia, and a variety of sensory symptoms. Recognition of the various tardive phenomenologies may not only lead to early diagnosis but also to appropriate therapeutic intervention. This review focuses on the diagnosis and clinical course of tardive syndromes and how to distinguish between the various phenomenologies as well as how to differentiate them from other, similar but etiologically different, movement disorders.

Orofacial Dystonia and Other Oromandibular Movement Disorders

“…The term "tardive syndromes" refer to a group of iatrogenic delayed onset of drug-induced persistent movement disorders [103]. Two essential aspects must be present to configure a tardive syndromes diagnosis.…”

Case of risperidone‐induced tardive parkinsonism

“…TP may still be present after medications are given up . The most common type of TP is the late tremor type triggering with motion . There are no available data regarding dose dependency in TP.…”

“…The development of parkinsonism symptoms is dose dependent and occurs in approximately 20–40% of patients. Tardive parkinsonism (TP) is a controversial condition where parkinsonism persists long after cessation of dopamine receptor‐blocking agents . TP is rarely seen as a clinical manifestation, and only a few cases have been documented in the literature .…”

“…TP may start after initiating anti‐dopaminergic medication and it may take months to years. TP may still be present after medications are given up . The most common type of TP is the late tremor type triggering with motion .…”

A Metabolomic Study of Cervical Dystonia

“…Non-genetic factors may also have a place in pathogenesis. Rare cases of CD may be caused by focal lesions of the nervous system [5], exposure to medications such as neuroleptics [6,7], infection [8], or autoimmune mechanisms [9]. A few small studies have methodically addressed other potential environmental contributions.…”