Target Cell Cyclophilin A Modulates Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infectivity

The non‐immunosuppressive cyclosporin DEBIO‐025 is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication in vitro†

“…4 In addition to its immunosuppressive effect, CsA has been reported to be a potent inhibitor of the replication of HIV-1. 5,6 The compound is also endowed with anti-schistosomal activity [7][8][9][10][11][12] and is an inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum [13][14][15] and Plasmodium vivax. 16 Recently CsA was shown to exhibit anti-HCV activity in vitro.…”

Tissue-specific restriction of cyclophilin A-independent HIV-1- and SIV-derived lentiviral vectors

“…Emerging reports also postulate the existence of another restriction factor(s) in human cells that is different from TRIM5a Hu , but that is modulated by CypA. 7,8,15,22,27,28 In certain human epithelial and hematopoietic cell lines, transduction with HIV-1 capsid mutants (such as A 92 E) is inhibited. Careful titration studies have shown that this restriction is not saturable and that infectivity can be rescued by CypA.…”

The Nucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase-1/CD39 Is Incorporated into Human Immunodeficiency Type 1 Particles, Where It Remains Biologically Active

“…The complement control proteins CD55 and CD59 are incorporated into HIV-1 particles and have been shown to be active in complement breakdown. 15,62,63 Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) has been found incorporated in lymphocyte-derived HIV-1 particles; however, the enzymatic activity of this molecule once embedded in virions has not been demonstrated. 59 To the best of our knowledge, CD39 is the first nucleoside hydrolase found incorporated within HIV-1.…”

“…In addition, intracellular proteins are incorporated within HIV-1 particles. These include actin cytoskeletal proteins, 13 cyclophilin A, 14,15 ubiquitin, 16 chromatin proteins, 17 as well as signaling molecules such as ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase, 18,19 and cAMPdependent protein kinase A. 20 Although the precise involvement of these cellular constituents in HIV-1 pathogenesis is still unclear, a number of host-encoded proteins have been shown to affect the viral life-cycle.…”