Targeted anti-inflammatory peptide delivery in injured endothelial cells using dermatan sulfate/chitosan nanomaterials

IRW (Ile–Arg–Trp) Alleviates DSS–Induced Intestinal Injury by Remodeling Gut Microbiota and Regulating Fecal SCFA Levels

“…This is mostly consistent with the results of our previous study, which showed that 0.03% IRW can reduce the inflammatory infiltration of immune cells, promote the recovery of colon length, and slow down the process of intestinal inflammation [ 19 ]. This may be because IRW contains tryptophan [ 16 ]. As an essential aromatic amino acid, tryptophan can be metabolized by the intestinal microbiota via the indole pathway [ 34 ].…”

“…As an antioxidant, 50μM IRW increased Caco-2 cell viability, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and normalized mitochondrial membrane potential [ 15 ]. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, IRW attenuated the TNF - α -induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress [ 16 ]. In addition, in terms of anti-inflammatory effects, IRW can increase adenosine triphosphate (ATP) gene expression and reduce the gene expression of inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 ( ICAM-1 ) and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 ( VCAM-1 ) to reduce leukocyte recruitment in the vascular system, lower the risk of vascular inflammation, and destroy atherosclerosis [ 17 ].…”

Extracellular vesicles containing the transferrin receptor as nanocarriers of apotransferrin

“…Z‐potential is an estimation of surface charge registered for unloaded or loaded nanoparticles, and it is usually a predictive tool of colloidal stability at 25°C. Nanoparticles with Z‐potential values greater than + 25 mV or less than −25 mV typically have high degrees of stability, whereas dispersions with a low Z‐potential absolute value and close to neutrality will eventually aggregate because of van Der Waal interparticle attractions (Blachman et al, 2020). In this context, the fact that Tf incorporation did not significantly affect the range of EV sizes and even displayed a lower negative average Z‐potential than that of Tf‐free EVs suggests, first, the successful surface modification of these vesicles with Tf and, second, the great stability of this system as a potential biological nanocarrier.…”

Dermatan Sulfate/Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with an Anti‐Inflammatory Peptide Increase the Response of Human Colorectal Cancer Cells to 5‐Fluorouracil

“…A new selective nanocarrier synthesized with low molecular weight dermatan sulfate (DS) and chitosan (CS) loaded with the anti-inflammatory egg-white derived tripeptide IRW was designed and reported previously. [17] Incorporation of IRW results in physically stable polyelectrolyte complexes characterized by a hydrodynamic diameter of 442 ± 43 nm, a monomodal size distribution (PDI = 0.366 ± 0.031), and a 𝜁-potential of +37 mV. [17] Moreover, the presence of DS allows the targeting of the cluster of differentiation 44 receptor (CD44) overexpressed in injured endothelial cells, ensuring the intracellular delivery of the peptide.…”

“…[17] Incorporation of IRW results in physically stable polyelectrolyte complexes characterized by a hydrodynamic diameter of 442 ± 43 nm, a monomodal size distribution (PDI = 0.366 ± 0.031), and a 𝜁-potential of +37 mV. [17] Moreover, the presence of DS allows the targeting of the cluster of differentiation 44 receptor (CD44) overexpressed in injured endothelial cells, ensuring the intracellular delivery of the peptide. Once internalized, it blocks NF𝜅B nuclear translocation and consequently inhibits inflammatory gene transcription.…”