Targeted co-delivery of PD-L1 monoclonal antibody and sorafenib to circulating tumor cells via platelet-functionalized nanocarriers

Cell membrane coated nanoparticles as a biomimetic drug delivery platform for enhancing cancer immunotherapy

“…87 For instance, p-selectin expressed on platelets during activation could selectively bind to CD44 on cancer cell surfaces, conferring platelet membrane coated NPs to target cancer tissues and circulating cancer cells in the bloodstream. 88 Evidence also indicates that platelets aggregate within tumor tissues depending on the surface expression of GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa molecules, providing new insights into the development of platelet-derived CMNPs with enhanced tumor affinity. 89…”

“…These delivered therapeutic agents can be broadly classified into the following groups shown in Table 1. 88,107,116,121,140–162…”

“…Paclitaxel (PTX), the first discovered drug that inhibits cancer cell mitosis by interacting with microtubules, can be precisely delivered using hollow manganese dioxide NPs coated with human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell membranes, as demonstrated by Xie et al 154 Various other classic anticancer drugs, including docetaxel, gemcitabine, and sorafenib, have also been integrated into nanoplatforms for cancer immunotherapy. 88,155,156…”

“…121 Additionally, research has explored improving the delivery of aPD-L1 with CMNPs, such as by mixing aPD-L1 with synthesized platelet membrane-encapsulated hollow mesoporous silica NPs at room temperature and subjecting them to high-speed centrifugation to facilitate the co-delivery of aPD-L1 and antitumor drugs. 88 In fact, ICIs are more frequently used as a combination immunotherapy regimen, co-administered with CMNPs to achieve synergistic therapeutic effects.…”

“…This review article surveys various types of CMNPs aimed at augmenting the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy, as depicted in Table 2. 80,88,100,101,105,107,116,117,120,128,139,141,143–149,151–153,155,157–162,164,166,170,185–211 The predominant mechanisms underlying most CMNPs are twofold: (1) delivering photosensitizers or capitalizing on the optical properties of NPs, facilitating photoimmunotherapy under near-infrared light irradiation. This process directly induces ICD through PTT or PDT for tumor ablation and the release of a significant quantity of tumor-associated antigens to reinitiate the cancer immune cycle.…”