Targeted HIV testing of children in the care of HIV positive adults, a gateway to the HIV positive child: The Mildmay, Uganda experience

Abstract

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of purulent inflammations. The range of staphylococcal infections varies and includes skin infections, endocarditis, deep-seated abscesses, osteomyelitis, necrotizing pneumonia, and other diseases, some of which are lethal. This ability is provided by virulence factors, including toxins, especially pore-forming agents such as the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and gamma-hemolysin (Hlg). The aim of our study was to determinate the prevalence of PVL and Hlg genes among S. aureus isolates recovered in the microbiological laboratory of the Karaganda State Medical University, Kazakhstan.Methods & Materials: From 2011 to 2013, 41 stains of S. aureus were isolated from patients with skin and soft tissue infections from different hospitals of Central Kazakhstan. Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF (Microflex, Bruker). Additional species identification was checked with PCR amplification of nuc gene. PVL and Hlg genes were detected by PCR, according to (Lina, Piemont et al., 1999).Results: Investigation of 41 Staphylococcus aureus cultures, identified with MALDI mass spectrometry, showed that the presence nuc gene were in 39 stains. PCR analysis of all 41 S. aureus isolates indicated that 19 (46,3%) carried genes for PVL synthesis. At the same time the proportion of staphylococcus with Hlg gene was 21.9%. The stains of S. auresus with simultaneous presence PVL and Hlg genes were detected in 9.8% cases. Conclusion:Our study revealed that Panton-Valentine leukocidine (PVL) and gamma-hemolysin (Hlg) genes are carried by an almost half (46.3%) and slightly more than one-fifth (21.9%) of S. aureus isolates recovered from patients with purulent infections skin and soft tissue. Every tenth (9.8%) isolate of S.aureus had two genes of toxins, simultaneously. As it has shown that patients with PVL positive invasive infections stayed significantly longer in hospital than patients with PVL negative invasive infections (Cupane, Pugacova et al., 2012).

Determinants of Community HIV Index Testing among HIV Index Clients in Yirol West County, South Sudan

“…The probable reason for this could be linked to married couples being more expected to motivate one another to pursue community HIV index testing services as compared to divorced couples. These research findings were consistent with two other studies done in Rwanda and Uganda [14,15] However this was contrary to a study another investigation done in Ethiopia [16].…”