Effective drug delivery and prevention of postoperative
recurrence
are significant challenges for current glioblastoma (GBM) treatment.
Poor drug delivery is mainly due to the presence of the blood–brain
barrier (BBB), and postoperative recurrence is primarily due to the
resistance of GBM cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and the presence
of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Herein, a biomimetic nanodrug
delivery platform based on endogenous exosomes that could efficiently
target the brain without targeting modifications and co-deliver pure
drug nanomicelles and immune adjuvants for safe and efficient chemo-immunotherapy
against GBM is prepared. Inspired by the self-assembly technology
of small molecules, tanshinone IIA (TanIIA) and glycyrrhizic acid
(GL), which are the inhibitors of signal transducers and activators
of transcription 3 from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), self-assembled
to form TanIIA-GL nanomicelles (TGM). Endogenous serum exosomes are
selected to coat the pure drug nanomicelles, and the CpG oligonucleotides,
agonists of Toll-like receptor 9, are anchored on the exosome membrane
to obtain immune exosomes loaded with TCM self-assembled nanomicelles
(CpG-EXO/TGM). Our results demonstrate that CpG-EXO/TGM can bind free
transferrin in blood, prolong blood circulation, and maintain intact
structures when traversing the BBB and targeting GBM cells. In the
GBM microenvironment, the strong anti-GBM effect of CpG-EXO/TGM is
mainly attributed to two factors: (i) highly efficient uptake by GBM
cells and sufficient intracellular release of drugs to induce apoptosis
and (ii) stimulation of dendritic cell maturation and induction of
tumor-associated macrophages polarization by CpG oligonucleotides
to generate anti-GBM immune responses. Further research found that
CpG-EXO/TGM can not only produce better efficacy in combination with
temozolomide but also prevent a postoperative recurrence.