Targeted metabolite profiling of Salvia rosmarinus Italian local ecotypes and cultivars and inhibitory activity against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum

Abstract

IntroductionThe development of agriculture in terms of sustainability and low environmental impact is, at present, a great challenge, mainly in underdeveloped and marginal geographical areas. The Salvia rosmarinus “Eretto Liguria” ecotype is widespread in Liguria (Northwest Italy), and farmers commonly use it by for cuttings and for marketing. In the present study, this ecotype was characterized in comparison with other cultivars from the same geographical region and Campania (Southern Italy), with a view to application and registration processes for the designation of protected geographical indications. Moreover, the possibility of using the resulting biomass after removing cuttings or fronds as a source of extracts and pure compounds to be used as phytosanitary products in organic farming was evaluated. Specifically, the potential of rosemary extracts and pure compounds to prevent soft rot damage was then tested.MethodsA targeted NMR metabolomic approach was employed, followed by multivariate analysis, to characterize the rosemary accessions. Bacterial soft rot assay and disk diffusion test were carried out to evaluate the activity of extracts and isolated compounds against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. Enzymatic assay was performed to measure the in vitro inhibition of the pectinase activity produced by the selected pathogen. Molecular docking simulations were used to explore the possible interaction of the selected compounds with the pectinase enzymes. Results and DiscussionThe targeted metabolomic analysis highlighted those different geographical locations can influence the composition and abundance of bioactive metabolites in rosemary extracts. At the same time, genetic factors are important when a single geographical area is considered. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) showed that the accessions of “Eretto Liguria” appeared well characterized when compared to the others and had a good content in specialized metabolites, particularly carnosic acid. Soft rotting Enterobacteriaceae belonging to the Pectobacterium genus represent a serious problem in potato culture. Even though rosemary methanolic extracts showed a low antibacterial activity against a strain of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in the disk diffusion test, they showed ability in reducing the soft rot damage induced by the bacterium on potato tissue. 7-O-methylrosmanol, carnosol and isorosmanol appeared to be the most active components. In silico studies indicated that these abietane diterpenoids may interact with P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum pectate lyase 1 and endo-polygalacturonase, thus highlighting these rosemary components as starting points for the development of agents able to prevent soft rot progression.

NMR Metabolite Profiling for the Characterization of Vessalico Garlic Ecotype and Bioactivity against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

“…Each 1 H NMR spectrum consisted of 64 scans, 2.05 s acquisition time, a relaxation delay (RD) of 4 s, mixing time of 0.01 s, and a spectral width of 13.33 ppm (corresponding to 8000 Hz). A pre-saturation sequence (NOESY-presat sequence, Bruker: noesygppr1d) was used to suppress the residual signal of water [110][111][112]. A Chenomx 600 MHz custom library (CCL) (Chenomx NMR Suite 8.6, Chenomx Inc., Edmonton, AB, 252 Canada) was set up by means of pure secondary metabolites obtained from commercial sources (Sigma-Aldrich, Milano, Italy).…”

Salvia Species: Biotechnological Strategies Applied to In Vitro Cultures for the Controlled Production of Bioactive Diterpenoids

“…Recent studies have demonstrated its potential as a preventive agent against soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum on slices of potato tubers [122].…”