“…Tissue engineering strategies aimed at regenerating lost tissue and mitigating chronic muscle function are being investigated for VML repair. More specifically, extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds have been largely investigated in preclinical VML injury models [Turner et al, 2010;Machingal et al, 2011;Turner et al, 2011;Sicari et al, 2012;Wolf et al, 2012;Chen et al, 2013;Corona et al, 2013b;Sicari et al, 2014;Aurora et al, 2015] and more recently in the clinic for lower-extremity VML repair [Mase et al, 2010;Gentile et al, 2014;Sicari et al, 2014]. These scaffolds have been derived from different species (e.g., porcine, rodent, and canine) and different sources, e.g., urinary bladder matrix (UBM), small intestinal submucosa, and skeletal muscle.…”